Demanda hídrica atual e futura de grãos no Município de Sobral-CE / Current and future grain water demand in the Municipality of Sobral-CE

A produção de feijão e milho são os principais cultivos agrícolas do Estado do Ceará, as irregularidades das chuvas podem sujeitar essas lavouras a déficits hídricos prolongados afetando a produtividade dessas culturas, as incertezas das mudanças climáticas podem agravar a problemática. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar a demanda hídrica atual e futura de feijão e milho no município de Sobral-Ce a partir de simulação de plantio realizadas em diferentes épocas. Foram coletados dados climatológicos históricos do INMET, NASA/POWER e dados futuros da plataforma PROJETA. Foi utilizado o modelo CROPWAT 8.0 para realizar as simulações de semeadura em diferentes épocas. Constatou-se que à medida que a data de semeadura é adiada maior é o requerimento de irrigação. A ETc por ciclo do feijoeiro esteve entre 278,2 e 302,3 mm. Para o milho a ETc por ciclo esteve entre 454,4 e 522 mm. Para o final do século 21, a demanda hídrica do feijoeiro pode aumentar em até 27,5%, e a do milho em até 10,9%, em comparação aos dados históricos

SISTEMA RADICIAL DO MARACUJAZEIRO IRRIGADO SUBMETIDO A DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE POTÁSSIO

The spatial distribution of the root system of passion fruit subjected to potassium levels of 150, 300, 450, 600 kg of K2O ha-1 and a control plot all drip irrigated was evaluated in the Vale do Curu - Ceará, in a “Neossolo Fluvico” type of soil. The root system was evaluated 420 days after the transplanting. Digital images were taken in a soil profile and the software SIARCS® applied to analyze them. The distribution and length of the root system were evaluated in the soil profile. In all the potassium levels the crop presented a superficial root system, in way that 80% of the roots concentrated up to 0.40 m in depth. There was a positive interaction relation between the increasing level of potassium applied and the development of roots in the plant, although the effective root depth was not affected by the level of potassium applied. It was found the roots are distributed horizontally until a radius of 1.5 m from the plant’s stem. That distance is thus recommended for installation of moisture sensors when applied to monitor irrigation and fertigation.O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial do sistema radicial do maracujazeiro submetido aos seguintes níveis de potássio: 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg de K2O ha-1. O experimento foi conduzido no Vale do Curu onde a irrigação foi realizada via gotejamento em um Neossolo Flúvico. A avaliação foi conduzida aos 420 dias após o transplantio, empregando-se o método do perfil do solo auxiliado pela análise de imagens digitais e uso do SIARCS®. Foram avaliados a distribuição e o comprimento do sistema radicial no perfil do solo. Em todos os níveis de potássio a cultura apresentou um sistema radicial superficial, de modo que 80% das raízes concentraram-se até 0,40 m de profundidade. Contudo, a profundidade efetiva não variou com os tratamentos. Ocorreu uma interação positiva entre o aumento das doses de potássio e o desenvolvimento radicial do maracujazeiro, tendo as raízes se distribuído horizontalmente até um raio de 1,5 m a partir do caule da planta. Assim, esta é a faixa mais adequada para a instalação de sensores de monitoramento da irrigação e fertirrigação

POTENCIAL DE REÚSO DAS ÁGUAS DE RESFRIAMENTO DE DESTILADORES LABORATORIAIS

A maioria das instituições de ensino e pesquisa possui laboratórios em suas instalações e faz uso de destiladores para produzirem água destilada, sendo este equipamento um grande consumidor de água. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade da água de resfriamento dos destiladores do Laboratório de Química (LAQAM) e de Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária (LEAS) do Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), Campus Juazeiro do Norte, e quantificar o volume de água desperdiçada por volume de água que é destilada, perante a possibilidade de reutilização dentro dos próprios laboratórios. A análise quantitativa baseou-se na medição da vazão das águas destiladas e de resfriamento, em que se constatou que, a cada 1 litro de água destilada, foram produzidos 29 e 26 litros de água de resfriamento em cada destilador, respectivamente. A análise qualitativa baseou-se em análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas das águas que promovem a refrigeração dos destiladores, seguindo as metodologias da APHA, AWWA e WEF (2012) e Silva e Oliveira (2001), cujos resultados apresentaram qualidade satisfatória se comparados aos padrões de qualidade existentes. POTENTIAL REUSE OF LAB DISTILLATORS COOLING WATERABSTRACTThe majority of the teaching and research institutions use in their facilities distillers to produce distilled water, which is a major consumer of water. Thus, this work aimed to analyze the quality of the cooling water of the distillers of the Chemistry Laboratory (LAQAM) and Environmental and Sanitary Engineering (LEAS) of the Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Ceará (IFCE), Campus Juazeiro do North, and quantify the volume of water wasted by volume of water that is distilled, due to the possibility of reuse for the laboratories. The quantitative analysis was based on the flow measurement of distilled and cooling water, and it was found that, for each 1 liter of distilled water, 29 and 26 liters of cooling water were produced in each distiller, respectively. The qualitative analysis was based on physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes of the waters that promote the cooling of the distillers, following the methodologies of APHA, AWWA and WEF (2012) and Silva and Oliveira (2001), where the results showed satisfactory quality if compared existing quality standards

Comportamento de trÃs cultivares de mamona a cinco nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo por gotejamento em Pentecoste, CE

The use of the irrigation in cultivars improved has a tendency to favor the increase of the productivity of castor in the semi-arid. This work was carried out in Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, CearÃ, Brazil and the objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive characteristics of three castor cultivars of high agricultural importance (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS ParaguaÃu) under different levels of irrigation. The experimental delineation used was of the blocks at random with subdivided parcels, composed of five treatments in the parcels, with three cultivars in the sub parcels and three repetitions. The treatments was constituted in five levels of irrigation based on the evaporation of the tank Class âAâ ECA (T1 = 0,25 ECA; T2 = 0,50 ECA; T3 = 0,75 ECA; T4 = 1,00 ECA; T5 = 1,25 ECA). The result, found a significant effect between cultivars. The variables length and number of fruits per racemes were higher for the IAC Guarani, while the tenor of oil and number of racemes per plant were higher for the Mirante 10. However the ParaguaÃu BRS stood out of the rest of cultivars as for the mass of the raceme, mass of the fruits, mass of hundred seeds and productive potential. There was no significant effect of variable tenor of oil with the blades of irrigation. The Mirante 10 presented the largest tenor of oil (40,64 %), with the maximum blade used of 913,4 mm. The best efficiency of the use of the water was obtained by the treatment T5 (913,4 mm) in the BRS ParaguaÃu, what turned the productivity of 2872,42 Kg ha -1. The secondary racemes were that more contributed with the total productivity.O uso da irrigaÃÃo em cultivares melhoradas tende a favorecer o aumento da produtividade da mamoneira no semi-Ãrido. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das variÃveis produtivas de trÃs cultivares de mamoneira de importÃncia agrÃcola (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS ParaguaÃu) a cinco nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo por gotejo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, CearÃ, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, composto de cinco tratamentos nas parcelas, com trÃs cultivares nas subparcelas e trÃs repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos constituÃram-se em cinco nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo baseados na evaporaÃÃo do tanque Classe âAâ ECA (T1 = 0,25 ECA; T2 = 0,50 ECA; T3 = 0,75 ECA, T4 = 1,00 ECA; T5 = 1,25 ECA). Houve diferenÃa estatÃstica entre as cultivares, as variÃveis comprimento e nÃmero de frutos por racemos foram maiores para a cultivar IAC Guarani, enquanto o teor de Ãleo e nÃmero de racemos por planta foram maiores para cultivar Mirante 10. JÃ a BRS ParaguaÃu destacou-se das demais cultivares quanto a massa do racemo, massa dos frutos, massa de cem sementes e potencial produtivo. NÃo houve efeito significativo da variÃvel teor de Ãleo com as lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo. Verifica-se maior teor de Ãleo (40,64 %), nas sementes da cv. Mirante 10, com a lÃmina mÃxima aplicada de 913,4 mm. A melhor eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua foi obtida com o tratamento T5 (913,4 mm) na cultivar BRS ParaguaÃu, que resultou na produtividade de 2872,42 kg ha-1. Os racemos secundÃrios foram os que mais contribuÃram com a produtividade total

DESEMPENHO HIDRÁULICO DE GOTEJADORES SOB O TEMPO DE EXPOSI-ÇÃO AO ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO TRATADO

The treated domestic wastewater use in agricultural production has increased in research pro-jects, because providing nutritional qualities available to the plants. However, studying the challenges that this water source can cause to the this irrigation system located, is an important result to the sustainability of pro-duction. The current study has to evaluate the hydraulic performance of emitters under time exposure of drip-pers in the domestic sewage. With the performance evaluation system hydraulic prepared on a bench was car-ried out two experiments in a completely randomized design (CRD). In the first experiment, the treatments were three pressures (kPa) supplied to the system and in the second the treatments were made by operating time in interval of 60 h (composing seven intervals) with 28 drippers as repetitions. The system performance was evaluated for each treatment by the coefficient of distribution uniformity (CUD) and Christiansen's uni-formity coefficient (CUC). There was no statistical significance was set at a 5% for the different pressures, but there will be 1% for different times. When the CUD and CUC fell to 60 and 70 %, respectively, was cleaned with sodium hypochlorite. The system showed uniformity acceptable in the first 120 hours of operation with no need for cleaning. According to the coefficients evaluated this cleaning must occur before the 180 h, however, suggests that to maintain good uniformity this procedure should be done every 60 h

ANÁLISE ENERGÉTICA DO GIRASSOL IRRIGADO COM ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO TRATADO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL

In the search for more sustainable energy sources, it has been invested in renewable energy sources like the biodiesel. However, for certification sustainable it is necessary that the energy generated by the biofuel is greater than the energy required for the entire production process. In this context, nitrogen fertilization has been a challenge because are large energy expenditures to obtain it, then, the use of alternative sources of nitrogen in agriculture may enable the environmentally friendly biodiesel. Thus, the objective this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of treated domestic sewage in the production of sunflower. The statistical design used was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water; plots were distributed five irrigation, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 of the evaporation of class “A” PAN. In subsubplots, we evaluated the effect of four doses of nitrogen fertilization 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1. The more positive energy balance of 1:1,30 and 1:1,36 was obtained with irrigation of 222.48 mm and nitrogen levels of 50 and 25 kg ha-1, irrigated with well water and sewage, respectively

Trocas gasosas em plantas de girassol submetidas à deficiência hídrica em diferentes estádios fenológicos Gas exchange in sunflower plants subjected to water deficit at different stages of growth

Este estudo avaliou as respostas das trocas gasosas do girassol quando submetido à regimes de déficit hídrico em seus diferentes estádios fenológicos. O experimento foi conduzido em Pentecoste, CE, sob delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com oito parcelas, três subparcelas e quatro blocos. Nas parcelas, foram avaliadas as épocas de indução do déficit hídrico nos diferentes estádios fenológicos (vegetativo, floração e formação da produção), correspondendo à ocorrência de déficit hídrico em um, dois ou três estádios, e nas subparcelas, as épocas de avaliação das características fisiológicas, que corresponderam ao término de cada fase (52; 68 e 110 dias após a semeadura - DAS). A cultura foi irrigada com uma lâmina equivalente a 100% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e o déficit hídrico foi imposto com metade da lâmina que foi aplicada no tratamento controle. As épocas de avaliação influenciaram a maioria das variáveis analisadas, com exceção da eficiência intrínseca de uso da água. Os resultados de temperatura foliar e taxas de fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2 e as eficiências instantâneas e intrínsecas do uso da água, não mostraram efeitos em relação ao nível de déficit hídrico avaliado, independentemente da época em que os mesmos foram aplicados. A fotossíntese e a transpiração decresceram com o estádio de desenvolvimento da cultura, causando reduções na eficiência instantânea de uso da água. Portanto, conclui-se que a cultura pode ser irrigada com 50% da ETo, durante todo o ciclo sem danos no processo fotossintético.<br>This study evaluated gas-exchange responses of the sunflower when subjected to water deficit at different stages of growth. The experiment was carried out at Pentecost, in the state of Ceara, in a randomized-block design of time-split plots, consisting of eight plots, three subplots and four blocks. In the plots, the periods of induction of the water deficit were evaluated at different stages of growth (vegetative, flowering and production formation), which corresponded to the occurrence of the water deficit at one, two or three stages, and in the subplots, the times of evaluation of the physiological characteristics corresponded to the end of each phase (52, 68 and 110 days after sowing, DAS). The crop was irrigated at a level equivalent to100% of the reference for evapotranspiration (ETo), and the water deficit was imposed at half the level that was used in the control treatment. The periods of evaluation influenced most of the variables analysed, except for the intrinsic efficiency of the use of water. The results for leaf temperature and for the rates of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, concentration of internal CO2, and the immediate and intrinsic efficiency of the use of water, showed no effects in relation to the level of water deficit evaluated regardless of the period in which these were applied. Photosynthesis and transpiration decreased with the stage of development of the crop, causing reductions in the immediate efficiency of the use of water. It was therefore concluded that the crop can be irrigated at 50% of ETo throughout the complete cycle without damage to the process of photosynthesis

Energy analysis of ethanol from sugarcane irrigated with treated domestic sewage

ABSTRACT Using energy balance methodology, this study compared the sustainability of ethanol synthesis from sugarcane irrigated with different replacement levels based on the evaporation estimated in a Class A pan (ECA), using treated domestic sewage effluent and groundwater as the water source, in Aquiraz, in the State of Ceará. The adopted statistical design was of randomised blocks in split plots, with four replications. Two water sources (treated sewage effluent and groundwater) were evaluated in the plots, and five irrigation levels (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the ECA) were evaluated in the split plots. Irrigation with treated domestic sewage effluent results in greater energy expenditure. The irrigation depth relative to 150% of the ECA expends the most energy, irrespective of the water source. Irrigation with treated domestic sewage effluent gives a higher energy yield (368.9 GJ ha-1) through the application of a depth of 781.4 mm, while for irrigation with groundwater, 937.6 mm (150% of the ECA) is the best recommended depth for obtaining the highest energy yield (276.9 GJ ha-1). Domestic sewage effluent gives the best energy return, and its use in systems of crop-production is viable

SISTEMA RADICIAL DO MARACUJAZEIRO IRRIGADO SUBMETIDO A DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE POTÁSSIO

The spatial distribution of the root system of passion fruit subjected to potassium levels of 150, 300, 450, 600 kg of K2O ha-1 and a control plot all drip irrigated was evaluated in the Vale do Curu - Ceará, in a “Neossolo Fluvico” type of soil. The root system was evaluated 420 days after the transplanting. Digital images were taken in a soil profile and the software SIARCS® applied to analyze them. The distribution and length of the root system were evaluated in the soil profile. In all the potassium levels the crop presented a superficial root system, in way that 80% of the roots concentrated up to 0.40 m in depth. There was a positive interaction relation between the increasing level of potassium applied and the development of roots in the plant, although the effective root depth was not affected by the level of potassium applied. It was found the roots are distributed horizontally until a radius of 1.5 m from the plant’s stem. That distance is thus recommended for installation of moisture sensors when applied to monitor irrigation and fertigation.O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial do sistema radicial do maracujazeiro submetido aos seguintes níveis de potássio: 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg de K2O ha-1. O experimento foi conduzido no Vale do Curu onde a irrigação foi realizada via gotejamento em um Neossolo Flúvico. A avaliação foi conduzida aos 420 dias após o transplantio, empregando-se o método do perfil do solo auxiliado pela análise de imagens digitais e uso do SIARCS®. Foram avaliados a distribuição e o comprimento do sistema radicial no perfil do solo. Em todos os níveis de potássio a cultura apresentou um sistema radicial superficial, de modo que 80% das raízes concentraram-se até 0,40 m de profundidade. Contudo, a profundidade efetiva não variou com os tratamentos. Ocorreu uma interação positiva entre o aumento das doses de potássio e o desenvolvimento radicial do maracujazeiro, tendo as raízes se distribuído horizontalmente até um raio de 1,5 m a partir do caule da planta. Assim, esta é a faixa mais adequada para a instalação de sensores de monitoramento da irrigação e fertirrigação

USE OF TREATED SEWAGE AS WATER AND A NUTRITIONAL SOURCE FOR BEAN CROPS

<div><p>ABSTRACT Considering the relevance of the reduction or replacement of fresh water supplies for irrigation, to mitigate the use of agricultural fertilizers and to improve sustainability, this study aimed to evaluate water and nutritional efficiency of treated sewage in cowpea plots. The experiment was conducted in the city of Tianguá-CE, on land belonging to the Water and Sewage Treatment Company of Ceará. It used a randomized block design for the arrangement of split plots. The plots contained two water sources (treated sewage and well water). The subplots contained four irrigation levels based on potential evapotranspiration (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of ETc) and the sub-subplots contained four nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) levels (0%, 33%, 66%, and 99% of the nutritional recommendations for cowpea cultivation). The yield variables, number of pods per plant, bean numbers per pod, and bean production, were improved with increased irrigation, regardless of the water source. Examining NPK levels in particular, yields differed depending on the water source. The use of treated domestic wastewater for bean irrigation can replace up to 100% of commercial fertilizers.</p></div