Bell inequality for arbitrary many settings of the analyzers

A generalization of the CHSH-Bell inequality to arbitrary many settings is presented. The singlet state of two spin \half violates this inequality for all numbers of setting. In the limit of arbitrarily large number of settings, the violation tends to the finite ratio $4/\pi \approx 1.27$.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figur

Modeling the Singlet State with Local Variables

A local-variable model yielding the statistics from the singlet state is presented for the case of inefficient detectors and/or lowered visibility. It has independent errors and the highest efficiency at perfect visibility is 77.80%, while the highest visibility at perfect detector-efficiency is 63.66%. Thus, the model cannot be refuted by measurements made to date.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figure

Following the Newark, NJ Drinking Water Lead Crisis

In the summer of 2018, after it was revealed that there were dangerous levels of lead in the drinking water in Newark, New Jersey, the Natural Resources Defense Council and the New Jersey Education Workers Caucus filed a lawsuit against the City of Newark. They claimed the city did not comply with statues in the Safe Drinking Water Act, Lead and Copper Rule, and New Jersey’s Open Public Records Act. This case follows the nationally recognized case in Flint, MI, and both cases present undertones of systemic racism through the inaction of local governments. While the jury is still out on whether the city of Newark will be held responsible, this paper analyzes the case, relevant legislation and stakeholders strategies

Concept of field modes and the behavior of the magnetohydrodynamic field

A method for studying the behavior of fields by splitting their behavior into independent field modes is presented. The method is used to explore the characteristics of steady, two-dimensional, linearized magnetohydrodynamic fields with finite viscosity and resistivity and arbitrary orientation of the magnetic vector relative to the velocity vector.It is shown that in general boundary layers and wakes cease to exist in magnetohydrodynamics. Their place is taken by diffusing waves which, in reality, are the fields of a set of viscous-resistive sources, vortices, poles and currents whose field lines are strongly oriented along the characteristic wave directions. When the viscosity and resistivity are equal, these waves diffuse in a simple and independent way, but when these quantities are not equal, the diffusing waves generate a new kind of wake which is located, veil-like, in the fan-shaped region between the two wave directions. These wakes are fed from the differential diffusion of the primary waves. In the special case for which the resistivity is much greater than the viscosity, a new type of pseudo boundary layer is shown to exist in the velocity field. When the viscosity is much greater than the resistivity, this pseudo boundary layer occurs in the magnetic field

The Transient Behavior of Nonlinear Systems

It is shown that the classical perturbation procedure for treating nonlinear systems leads to solutions expressed as Fourier-like series with slowly varying coefficients. These slowly varying coefficients contain the information about the long term behavior of the system. Inconsistently, the classical perturbation procedure expresses these coefficients as power series, a mode of expression which has notoriously poor long term validity. An operational procedure is presented for treating oscillations having slowly variable amplitudes and frequencies. An extension of the usual impedance concepts is presented for expressing the frequency characteristics of both linear and nonlinear elements when oscillations with many frequencies are present simultaneously and when these oscillations vary in both frequency and amplitude. From these methods, a perturbation procedure is devised which permits the behavior of systems to be computed with any order of accuracy, using only the algebraic processes which are characteristic of operational procedures. This procedure avoids expressing its results in terms of the local time. Instead, it expresses them in terms of the fundamental characteristics of the oscillations which axe present. As a consequence, the final solutions have the much desired long term validity and they may be used to obtain asymptotic estimates of the behavior of the system. The method is able to treat systems containing nonlinear perturbing elements and elements which we have described as moderately nonlinear. By means of examples it is shown that it is a straightforward process to treat systems to second order accuracy. This level of accuracy covers a large number of the intercoupling effects that characterize the more sophisticated nonlinear phenomena

A nonlocal polarization interferometer for entanglement detection

We report a nonlocal interferometer capable of detecting entanglement and identifying Bell states statistically. This is possible due to the interferometer's unique correlation dependence on the anti-diagonal elements of the density matrix, which have distinct bounds for separable states and unique values for the four Bell states. The interferometer consists of two spatially separated balanced Mach-Zehnder or Sagnac interferometers that share a polarization entangled source. Correlations between these interferometers exhibit non-local interference, while single photon interference is suppressed. This interferometer also allows for a unique version of the CHSH-Bell test where the local reality is the photon polarization. We present the relevant theory and experimental results

Bell inequality and the locality loophole: Active versus passive switches

All experimental tests of the violation of Bell's inequality suffer from some loopholes. We show that the locality loophole is not independent of the detection loophole: in experiments using low efficient detectors, the locality loophole can be closed equivalently using active or passive switches.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figur

Factoring and Fourier Transformation with a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

The scheme of Clauser and Dowling (Phys. Rev. A 53, 4587 (1996)) for factoring $N$ by means of an N-slit interference experiment is translated into an experiment with a single Mach-Zehnder interferometer. With dispersive phase shifters the ratio of the coherence length to wavelength limits the numbers that can be factored. A conservative estimate permits $N \approx 10^7$. It is furthermore shown, that sine and cosine Fourier coefficients of a real periodic function can be obtained with such an interferometer.Comment: 5 pages, 2 postscript figures; to appear in Phys.Rev.A, Nov. 1997; Figures contained only in replaced versio

Ultra-sensitive inertial sensors via neutral-atom interferometry

Upon looking at the various colossal interferometers, etc., discussed at this conference to test gravitational theory, one cannot avoid feeling that easier approaches exist. The use of low velocity, neutral atom matter waves in place of electromagnetic waves in sensitive inertial interferometer configurations is proposed. For applications, spacecraft experiments to sense a drag-free condition, to measure the Lense-Thirring precession, to measure the gravitomagnetic effect and/or the earth's geopotential (depending on altitude), and to detect long period gravitational waves are considered. Also, a terrestrial precision test of the equivalence principle on spin polarized atoms, capable of detecting effects of the 5th force is considered. While the ideas described herein are preliminary, the orders of magnitude are sufficiently tantalizing to warrant further study. Although existing proposed designs may be adequate for some of these experiments, the use of matter-wave interferometry offers reduced complexity and cost, and an absence of cryogenics

A local hidden variable model of quantum correlation exploiting the detection loophole

A local hidden variable model exploiting the detection loophole to reproduce exactly the quantum correlation of the singlet state is presented. The model is shown to be compatible with both the CHSH and the CH Bell inequalities. Moreover, it bears the same rotational symmetry as spins. The reason why the model can reproduce the quantum correlation without violating the Bell theorem is that in the model the efficiency of the detectors depends on the local hidden variable. On average the detector efficiency is limited to 75%.Comment: 6 pages + 1 figure. A software producing data violating Bell inequality between two classical computers can be downloaded from http://www.gapoptique.unige.ch/News/BellSoft.as