Review Radix rule application of heat in clinic

為深入了解柴胡在退熱方面的特點及臨床運用規律,從柴胡的配伍、炮制、用量、煎煮方法以及劑型等方面,對柴胡用治發熱的相關文獻進行歸納分析,探討其臨床特點及運用規律。認為柴胡的退熱配伍不少,然對其藥理研究尚不夠;有關使用炮制柴胡的報道亦較少,且炮制的方法也有爭議;柴胡的用量、煎煮方法對臨床治療發熱性疾病有一定的影響,但研究的深度不夠,各家意見不一,有待進一步研究。link_to_OA_fulltex

The Effect of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients on Aerosol Electrostatic Charges from Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers

The final publication is available at Springer via: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-015-1674-6.Purpose. This study investigated the effect of different active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) on aerosol electrostatic charges and aerosol performances for pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), using both insulating and conducting actuators. Methods. Five solution-based pMDIs containing different API ingredients including: beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), budesonide (BUD), flunisolide (FS), salbutamol base (SB) and ipratropium bromide (IPBr) were prepared using pressure filling technique. Actuator blocks made from nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and aluminium were manufactured with 0.3 mm nominal orifice diameter and cone nozzle shape. Aerosol electrostatics for each pMDI formulation and actuator were evaluated using the electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) and drug depositions were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results. All three actuator materials showed the same net charge trend across the five active drug ingredients, with BDP, BUD and FS showing positive net charges for both nylon and PTFE actuators, respectively. While SB and IPBr had significantly negative net charges across the three different actuators, which correlates to the ionic functional groups present on the drug molecule structures. Conclusions. The API present in a pMDI has a dominant effect on the electrostatic properties of the formulation, overcoming the charge effect arising from the actuator materials. Results have shown that the electrostatic charges for a solution-based pMDI could be related to the interactions of the chemical ingredients and change in the work function for the overall formulation