Has Motivational Interviewing fallen into its own Premature Focus Trap?

Since the initial conception of the behaviour change method Motivational Interviewing, there has been a shift evident in epistemological, methodological and practical applications, from an inductive, process and practitioner-focussed approach to that which is more deductive, research-outcome, and confirmatory-focussed. This paper highlights the conceptual and practical problems of adopting this approach, including the consequences of assessing the what (deductive outcome-focussed) at the expense of the how (inductively process-focussed). We encourage a return to an inductive, practitioner and client-focussed MI approach and propose the use of Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Systems such as NVivo in research initiatives to support this aim

The Unquantified Risk of Post-Fire Metal Concentration in Soil: a Review

Forest fire is a natural disturbance that occurs in many terrestrial ecosystems specifically in the semi-arid environments and is considered to be an important cause of environmental change. Though many causes of fire are identified, including lightning, volcanic eruption, power line sparks, etc., human involvement is the most significant factor. Fire events are able to alter the physical, chemical and biogeochemical properties of the soil and surface materials and are able to release major and trace metals into the environment. This may be more significant in mining-affected and industrial landscapes, where elevated concentrations of metals present in the soil. After the fire event, metals become more mobile due to the increase in soil surface exposure and the mobility associated with ash dispersal. This mobility may increase the bioavailability of the metals, which may generate water quality issues and may contribute to human and environmental health concerns. Even though, the influences of fire on many soil properties are well established, the behaviour of metals with respect to fire is not well investigated. However, a few studies report that major and trace metals include Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and As are mobilized after fire with increased concentrations in soil and water resources and this might pose a risk to human health and ecosystems. Climate change may increase the intensity, frequency and areal extend of fire events and hence increase the metal concentrations and their potential health impacts. This paper reviews post-fire (wild fire) mobility of metals in soil common in contaminated forest ecosystems. The human and ecological health risks of these metals are also considered. © 2017, Springer International Publishing Switzerland

MEASUREMENT OF THE PARTIAL WIDTH OF THE Z0 INTO B(B)OVER-BAR FINAL-STATES USING THEIR SEMILEPTONIC DECAYS

The spectra of prompt electrons and muons from the semi-leptonic decays of heavy hadrons produced in Z0 decays have been used to measure the coupling of the Z0 to b quarks weighted by the B hadrons mean semi-leptonic branching fraction, giving a value: BR(sl)b*GAMMA(bbBAR)/GAMMA(H)=0.0221+/-0.0015. The data has also been used to measure the value of the fragmentation parameter, defined in the context of the LUND PS Model, version 7.2, giving: epsilon(b)=(8(+5/-3)+/-2) 10(-3). The corresponding value of the mean fraction of the beam energy taken by a B hadron in the fragmentation of a b quark is: X(E)bBAR=0.69(+0.02/-0.03)+/-0.01. If the values of GAMMA(bbBAR) and GAMMA(H) are taken from the Standard Model, the following value is obtained for the mean semi-leptonic braching fraction of B hadrons: BR(sl)b=(10.1+/-0.7)%. Taking the value of GAMMA(bbBAR)/GAMMA(H) from an independent analysis of DELPHI data based on the use of the boosted sphericity product, a value: BR(sl)b=(10.1+/-1.3)% is obtained

MEASUREMENT OF THE TRIPLE-GLUON VERTEX FROM 4-JET EVENTS AT LEP

From the combined data of 1990 and 1991 of the DELPHI experiment at LEP, 13057 4-jet events are obtained and used for determining the contribution of the triple-gluon vertex. The relevant variables are the generalized Nachtmann Reiter angle theta(NR)* and the opening angle of the two least energetic jets. A fit to their two-dimensional distribution yields C(A)/C(F)=2.12+/-0.35 and N(C)/N(A)=0.46+/-0.19, where C(A)/C(F) is the ratio of the coupling strength of the triple-gluon vertex to that of gluon bremsstrahlung from quarks, and N(C)/N(A), the ratio of the number of quark colours to the number of gluons. This constitutes a convincing model-independent proof of the existence of the triple-gluon vertex, since its contribution is directly proportional to C(A)/C(F). The results are in agreement with the values expected from QCD: C(A)/C(F)=2.25, and N(C)/N(A)=3/8

Charged particle multiplicity distributions for fixed number of jets in Z0 hadronic decays

The multiplicity distributions of charged particles in full phase space and in restricted rapidity intervals for events with a fixed number of jets measured by the DELPHI detector are presented. The data are well reproduced by the Lund Parton Shower model and can also be well described by fitted negative binomial distributions. The properties of these distributions in terms of the clan model are discussed. In symmetric 3-jet events the candidate gluon jet is found not to be significantly different in average multiplicity than the mean of the other two jets, thus supporting previous results of the HRS and OPAL experiments. Similar results hold for events generated according to the LUND PS and to the HERWIG models, when the jets are defined by the JADE jet finding algorithm. The method seems to be insensitive for measuring the color charge ratio between gluons and quarks. © 1992 Springer-Verlag.0SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe