Non-conventional concentrates in temperate Asian-Australasian countries - Review

The huge amount of demand for feedgrains from this region could not possibly be met by producing countries from the other regions. In order to fulfill this increasing demand for conventional raw materials, an alternative for the conventional raw materials produced in the Asia and Pacific region is becoming increasingly more important. A potential alternative is concentrates or non-conventional concentrates produced locally in relative abundance in this region. These feedstuffs include feed grains, by-products from the milling, sugar industries, brewing and distilling industries. Vegetable, citrus, and animal by-products from abattoir, feather meal and blood meal are also possibilities. In addition to more widespread use of unconventional feed sources, the following approach is recommended to improve utilization and performance. These include establishing the nutritive value of non-conventional feeds, quality control to minimize variability, proper storage and processing to assure the nutritive value and prevent mycotoxin contamination, properly balance amino acids with protein sources, supplementation with synthetic amino acids and the use of enzymes to increase digestibility. Currently, practical applications for these resources in feed formulation are negligible despite the potential. The socio-economic aspects will dominate the use of these: non-conventional concentrates. In the future, the feed industry will resolve the problems in using locally available raw feed materials

Effect of restrict feeding, Roxarsone or its analogues in inducing fatty livers in mule ducks

This study is aimed at understanding the role of arsenic in Roxarsone in causing fatty livers in mule ducks. One hundred 10-week-old mule ducks were randomly divided into 5 groups. Ducks received 2 weeks of various treatments followed by 2 weeks of withdrawal. The treatments were non-treatment (control), 300 mg/kg Roxarsone inclusion for 2 weeks (1(st) and 2(nd) week), Roxarsone inclusion for one week (2(nd) week only), restrict feeding, or Roxarsone analogue (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl acid) inclusion. Results showed that feed intake and body weight in the Roxarsone groups and the restrict feeding group decreased significantly during the treatment period. However only the liver and heart weights were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the restrict feeding group. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activity showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the Roxarsone groups and the restrict feeding group, two-week-Roxarsone treatment significantly increased NADP-malic dehydrogenase (MDH) activity compared to the restrict (p < 0.05). After 2 weeks drug withdrawal, the 1-week-Roxarsone or restrict feeding group showed significantly increased (p < 0.05) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity (p < 0.05). Two-week-Roxarsone treatment significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the high density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased (p < 0.05) the low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) ratio. After drug withdrawal, the 1-week-Roxarsone or restrict feeding group showed significantly increased (p < 0.05) creatine kinase (CK) activity. The 2-week-Roxarsone treatment group showed significantly increased (p < 0.05) aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity. The restrict feeding treatment group showed significantly decreased (p < 0.05) total protein (TP) concentration. After drug withdrawal, the related enzyme activities in the blood that reflected the liver function were restored to the normal physiological range, except for the total bilirubin concentration and CK activity in the 1-week-Roxarsone group. This group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Thus, the reasons for liver enlargement in the Roxarsone and restrict feeding groups were different

Effects of dietary arsenical inclusion on lipid metabolism and liver function in mule ducks

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different arsenical Sources oil inducing fatty liver, on changes, in lipid metabolism and on liver function in mule ducks. Sixty twelve-week-old mule ducks were selected and randomly divided into five treatments. including the control group and four different arsenical sources: Roxarsone (300 mg/kg), arsanlilte acid or As2O5 or As2O3 containing 85.2 mg/kg arsenic were included in the basal diet. The ducks were fed the medicated basal diet for 3 weeks followed by a one-week drug withdrawal. The results showed Roxarsone treatment decreased bode weight, feed intake. liver weight and abdominal fat weight (p < 0.05). while it increased the relative liver weight (p < 0.05) during Medication period (3(rd) week). The As2O5 treatment decreased abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat weight when compared to the control (p < 0.05). Only Roxarsone among the treatment group increased feed intake, liver weight and relative liver weight, while the As2O3 group showed the lightest liver weight and relative liver weight among treatment groups during the withdrawal period (4(th) week). The Roxarsone group decreased (p < 0.05) NADP-malic dehydrogenase (MDH) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activities and increased (p < 0.05) cholesterol concentration during the medication period, and elevated the MDH and ACC activities during the withdrawal period. All four arsenical treatment groups showed lymphocytic infiltration in liver tissue, while the Roxarsone and As2O3 treatments showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (p < 0.05). During the withdrawal period arsenical treatments resulted in liver vacuoles. However, the arsenical differed in effectiveness and mechanism of inducing fat vacuoles

Oral treatment of mule ducks with arsenicals for inducing fatty liver

The aim of this study was to determine the dosage and the compounds of arsenic that induce fatty Liver in mule ducks and also to investigate their effects on tissue residues. One hundred four ducks, 8 wk old, were randomly selected for one of six dietary treatments in Trial 1 or one of seven dietary treatments in Trial 2. Different levels of roxarsone were administrated: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg/d, respectively, in Trial 1. In Trial 2, the experimental treatments were of the same level (11.36 mg/d) with different sources of arsenic that included the control without As, roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxypheny-larsonic acid), arsanilic acid, phenylarsonic acid, O-nitro-phenylarsonic acid, As2O3, or As2O5. Both trials lasted 3 wk, with 1 wk on the treatment followed by 2 wk of withdrawal. Results in Trial 1 showed that a dose of 40 mg roxarsone/d increased liver weight and caused fatty liver, whereas administration of 50 mg/d was lethal. In Trial 2, administration of arsenic (11.36 mg/d) for 1 wk significantly depressed feed intake in the roxarsone, As2O3, and As2O5 groups (P < 0.05), whereas the treatment significantly decreased only live weight gain in the roxarsone group (P < 0.05). Administration of roxarsone alone increased (P < 0.05) serum cholesterol (CHOL), albumin (ALB), and total protein (TP), whereas only As2O3 among treatments significantly decreased serum triacylglycerol (TG) concentration (P < 0.05). Ln the roxarsone, arsanilic acid, and phenylarsonic acid groups, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased to a greater extent (P < 0.05), and arsanilic acid treatment significantly increased the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P < 0.05). After 2 wk of withdrawal, liver weights and relative liver weights were heavier in the treatment groups of roxarsone, As2O3, and As2O5 as compared to the control (P < 0.05). Levels of CHOL, TG, TP, and ALE were significantly higher in the groups treated with As2O3 or As2O5 as compared to the control (P < 0.05). The roxarsone and arsanilic acid treatments significantly decreased HDL and increased VLDL in plasma (P < 0.05). The creatine kinase (CK) level in the roxarsone, As2O3, and As2O5 groups was significantly higher compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Among the As sources, roxarsone, As2O3, and As2O5 caused fatty liver in mule ducks

Monitoring nutritional status of dairy cows in Taiwan using milk protein and milk urea nitrogen

The climate and marketing system of raw milk in Taiwan create problems in balance feeding of protein and energy in lactating cows in Taiwan. Level of urea nitrogen both in bulk milk and serum reflects ruminal protein degradation and post-ruminal protein provision, whereas milk protein concentration responds to dietary energy intake and bacterial protein production in the rumen. Establishment of a range of reference standards in milk protein and urea nitrogen levels can be applied its a noninvasive economical feeding guide to monitor the balance of protein and energy intake. Standard reference revels of 3.0% milk protein and 11-17 mg/dL milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were established. Level of milk protein below 3.0% is regarded as indicating inadequate dietary energy whereas MUN below or above the range is regarded as a deficiency or surplus in dietary protein. Results from analysis of bulk a milk samples collected from 174 dairy herds over Taiwan showed that only one quarter (25.29%) of the herds received a balanced intake of protein and energy, 33.33% adequate protein with energy inadequate, 22.99% herds in protein surplus with energy inadequate, 10.35% herds in protein surplus with energy adequate, 4.6% protein deficiency with energy adequate, and 3.45% herds with both protein and energy inadequate. Energy inadequate herds accounted for 60% of the total dairy herds in Taiwan with 56% adequate, 38% surplus and 6% inadequate in protein. In comparing milk sampled from bulk milk on different seasons from Lee-Kang area in the southern Taiwan, the concentrations of milk fat and milk protein were significantly higher in the cool season (February) than in the warm season (August) (p<0.05), whereas the urea nitrogen in the milk was significantly lower in the cool season than in the warm season (p<0.05). This indicated that lactating cows had excess protein and/or inadequate energy intake in the warm season in this area. It appears that the major problem feeding in lactating cows is energy intake shortage, especially during the warm season in Taiwan

Metabolizable energy of roughage in Taiwan

The fixed metabolizable energy (ME) values from the NRC do not represent the true ME values of the various feedstuff used in livestock rations. Therefore, a rapid and effective method for evaluating the ME value of forage crops is required for proper ration formulation to improve production efficiency. Dairy goat digestion trials were conducted as the in vivo reference using the method of Menke and Steingass (1988) [Menke, K.H., Steingass, H., 1988. Feed Sci. Technol. 28, 91-97] which derived the amount of gas produced from in vitro fermentation. This method was adapted in this study to evaluate the ME value. In the goat digestion trial, six dairy goats were used for each roughage sample in a total fecal collection trial to determine the digestible nutrients, including energy (DE) and total digestible nutrient (TDN). The in vivo ME value was calculated using the method of Shiemann et al. (1971) [Shiemann, R., Nehring, K., Hoffmann, L., Jentsch,W., Chudy, A., 1971. Energetische Futterbewertung und Energienormen. VEE Deutscher Land-wirtschaftsverlag, Berlin, p. 75. (in German)] (ME1 (MJ/kg) = 5.2DCP + 34.2DEE + 12.8DCF + 15.9DNFE, g/g). The in vitro ME value was then estimated from the chemical composition of the feed and amount of gas produced (Gb) from in vitro fermentation. The value calculated from both with (ME3) and without (ME2) the inclusion of nitrogen free extracts (NFE) in the prediction equation. (ME2 (MJ/kg) = 0.145G(b) + 4.12CP + 6.5CP(2) + 20.6EE + 1.54, g/g; ME3 (MJ/kg) = 0.118G(b) + 8.75CP + 19.21EE + 3.38NFE + 0.691, g/g). The 12 roughage samples consisted different growth stages of Napier grass Taishi No. 2: (day of harvest; 40, 50, 60 and 65), dwarf Napiergrass Taishi No. 1 : (Day 40 and 65) and Pangola grass (Day 45) hay (Day 70), corn silage, imported alfalfa hay, timothy hay and Bermuda hay. The correlation between the ME values calculated from in vivo and in vitro without NFE was lower than with NFE inclusion in the equation. A higher correlation between the ME values calculated from in vivo and in vitro without NFE inclusion than with NFE inclusion in the prediction equation was obtained when alfalfa and corn silage were not included. This indicated that the ME value of forage could be estimated rapidly using this in vitro gas method adapted from Menke and Steingass (1988) [Menke, K.H., Steingass, H., 1988. Feed Sci. Technol. 28, 91-97] for practical applications in ration formulation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Caponization and testosterone implantation effects on blood lipid and lipoprotein profile in male chickens

To understand the role of lipid metabolism in increasing body fat accumulation after caponization of male chickens, trials were conducted to determine the effects of levels of testosterone implantation on lipoprotein composition. Male chickens were caponized at 12 wk and selected at 16 wk for a 10-wk feeding experiment. Fifteen male and 15 caponized (capon) chickens were used in trial 1. Ten sham operated chickens (sham) and 40 capons were randomly divided among 4 treatments in trial 2; the treatments were as follows: implantation of cholesterol (1.62 mm i.d. x 3.16 mm o.d., 9.24 +/- 0.36 mg) or implantation of testosterone at low (1 mm i.d x 3 mm, o.d., 5.88 +/- 0.23 mg), medium (1.62 mm W. x 3.16 mm, o.d., 9.81 +/- 0.17 mg), or high (2 mm W. x 4 mm, o.d., 16.7 +/- 0.24 mg) dose. The results of trial 1 showed that caponization. decreased (P < 0.05) blood testosterone concentrations and increased (P < 0.05) abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat weight in capons. Caponization also increased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), LDL protein, and HDL protein and decreased LDL-free cholesterol (LDL-FC), HDL-FC, and HDL-phospholipid (HDL-PL) percentages (P < 0.05). In trial 2 capons implanted with increasing testosterone levels exhibited proportional increases in blood testosterone concentration, although blood testosterone concentration in implanted capons were not fully restored to those of the sham group. High dose testosterone implantation inhibited abdominal fat accumulation and increased glucose and glycerol concentrations compared with the cholesterol implantation. Caponization of male chickens decreased the androgen level and increased the blood triacylglyceride content. Caponization also changed the lipoprotein profiles, which resulted in increased lipid storage capacity. The testosterone concentration, therefore, must achieve threshold concentrations to inhibit lipid accumulation in the testosterone implanted capon

Application of rumen undegradable protein on early lactating dairy goats

The application of rumen undegradable intake protein (UIP) on lactating dairy goats was studied. Thirty 2-year-old lactating dairy goats were selected and assigned to dietary treatments begun from the third week to the fourth month postpartum. Experimental diets were formulated into three, low (32% CP), med (35% CP) and high (38% CP), iso-nitrogenous (16% CP) and isoenergetic (NEL 1.68 Mcal/kg) UIP levels. Results showed that feed intake was not significantly different among the treatment groups. The milk yield in the High UIP group (3.17 kg) was significantly higher than the med (2.95 kg) and low UIP (2.45 kg) groups (p <0.05). The milk compositions, milk fat, milk lactose and milk solids-non-fat (SNF) showed no significant differences among the three treatment groups. The milk protein however was significantly (p <0.05) lower in the low UIP than in the other treatment groups. The milk urea-N was significantly (p <0.05) higher in the low UIP than in the other treatment groups. The mean serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), urinary-N and total protein concentrations were significantly (p <0.05) lower in the high and the med UIP groups than in the low UIP group