Face Recognition using Fuzzy Neural Network

Face recognition is a biometric tool for authentication and verification, has great emphasis in both research and practical applications. Increased requirement on security, fully automated biometrics on personal identification and verification has received extensive attention over the past few years. In this paper we propose a novel face recognition using Fuzzy Neural network, which is used to extract features from face images by dividing the images into two phase one is of training phase by neural network second is extracting phase done by fuzzy inference system. At first the Complex Wavelet Transform is a tool applied here that uses a dual tree of wavelet filters to find the real and imaginary parts of complex wavelet coefficients. The DT-CWT is, however, less redundant and computationally efficient. Dual Tree methods are based on image at different resolution. Here the DT-CWT is used to convert the entire image into 2-D form and also here Principal Component Analysis which is a linear dimensionality reduction technique is used, that attempt to represent data in lower dimensions, i.e., used to perform the face recognition which means simply it reduces the 2-D form to 1-D form. Finally we have to extract face by comparing features using fuzzy neural networks. At present many methods for image recognition are available but most of them include feature to any type of images. The proposal is divided into two phases: the training phase and the extraction or processing related to type of image. In this paper these two parts of the network one is neural network for training, second is fuzzy inference system which helps us improve the performance result in face recognition. Fuzzy logic has proved to be a tool that can improve the performance of the existing system

Critical evaluation of key evidence on the human health hazards of exposure to bisphenol A

Despite the fact that more than 5000 safety-related studies have been published on bisphenol A (BPA), there seems to be no resolution of the apparently deadlocked controversy as to whether exposure of the general population to BPA causes adverse effects due to its estrogenicity. Therefore, the Advisory Committee of the German Society of Toxicology reviewed the background and cutting-edge topics of this BPA controversy. The current tolerable daily intake value (TDI) of 0.05 mg/kg body weight [bw]/day, derived by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), is mainly based on body weight changes in two- and three-generation studies in mice and rats. Recently, these studies and the derivation of the TDI have been criticized. After having carefully considered all arguments, the Committee had to conclude that the criticism was scientifically not justified; moreover, recently published additional data further support the reliability of the two-and three-generation studies demonstrating a lack of estrogen-dependent effects at and below doses on which the current TDI is based. A frequently discussed topic is whether doses below 5 mg/ kg bw/day may cause adverse health effects in laboratory animals. Meanwhile, it has become clear that positive results from some explorative studies have not been confirmed in subsequent studies with higher numbers of animals or a priori defined hypotheses. Particularly relevant are some recent studies with negative outcomes that addressed effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and the prostate in rodents for extrapolation to the human situation. The Committee came to the conclusion that rodent data can well be used as a basis for human risk evaluation. Currently published conjectures that rats are insensitive to estrogens compared to humans can be refuted. Data from toxicokinetics studies show that the half-life of BPA in adult human subjects is less than 2 hours and BPA is completely recovered in urine as BPA-conjugates. Tissue deconjugation of BPA-glucuronide and -sulfate may occur. Because of the extremely low quantities, it is only of minor relevance for BPA toxicity. Biomonitoring studies have been used to estimate human BPA exposure and show that the daily intake of BPA is far below the TDI for the general population. Further topics addressed in this article include reasons why some studies on BPA are not reproducible; the relevance of oral versus non-oral exposure routes; the degree to which newborns are at higher systemic BPA exposure; increased BPA exposure by infusions in intensive care units; mechanisms of action other than estrogen receptor activation; and the current regulatory status in Europe, as well as in the USA, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and Australia. Overall, the Committee concluded that the current TDI for BPA is adequately justified and that the available evidence indicates that BPA exposure represents no noteworthy risk to the health of the human population, including newborns and babies

Microscopic time-reversibility and macroscopic irreversibility: Still a paradox

Microscopic time reversibility and macroscopic irreversibility are a paradoxical combination. This was first observed by J. Loschmidt in 1876 and was explained, for conservative systems, by L. Boltzmann the following year. Both these features are also present in modern simulations of classic many-body systems in steady nonequilibrium states. We illustrate them here for the simplest possible models, a continuous one-dimensional model of field-driven diffusion, the so-called driven Lorentz gas or Galton Board, and an ergodic time reversible dissipative map