702 research outputs found
Measures of epitope binding degeneracy from T cell receptor repertoires
Adaptive immunity is driven by specific binding of hypervariable receptors to diverse molecular targets. The sequence diversity of receptors and targets are both individually known but because multiple receptors can recognize the same target, a measure of the effective "functional" diversity of the human immune system has remained elusive. Here, we show that sequence near-coincidences within T cell receptors that bind specific epitopes provide a new window into this problem and allow the quantification of how binding probability covaries with sequence. We find that near-coincidence statistics within epitope-specific repertoires imply a measure of binding degeneracy to amino acid changes in receptor sequence that is consistent across disparate experiments. Paired data on both chains of the heterodimeric receptor are particularly revealing since simultaneous near-coincidences are rare and we show how they can be exploited to estimate the number of epitope responses that created the memory compartment. In addition, we find that paired-chain coincidences are strongly suppressed across donors with different human leukocyte antigens, evidence for a central role of antigen-driven selection in making paired chain receptors public. These results demonstrate the power of coincidence analysis to reveal the sequence determinants of epitope binding in receptor repertoires
Low-Lying Dirac Eigenmodes, Topological Charge Fluctuations and the Instanton Liquid Model
The local structure of low-lying eigenmodes of the overlap Dirac operator is
studied. It is found that these modes cannot be described as linear
combinations of 't Hooft "would-be" zeromodes associated with instanton
excitations that underly the Instanton Liquid Model. This implies that the
instanton liquid scenario for spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking in QCD is
not accurate. More generally, our data suggests that the vacuum fluctuations of
topological charge are not effectively dominated by localized lumps of unit
charge with which the topological "would-be" zeromodes could be associated.Comment: Presented by I. Horvath at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop
"Confinement, Topology, and other Non-Perturbative Aspects of QCD", January
21-27, 2002, Stara Lesna, Slovakia. 12 pages, 6 figures, uses crckapb.st
Holographic Anyons in the ABJM Theory
We consider the holographic anyons in the ABJM theory from three different
aspects of AdS/CFT correspondence. First, we identify the holographic anyons by
using the field equations of supergravity, including the Chern-Simons terms of
the probe branes. We find that the composite of Dp-branes wrapped over CP3 with
the worldvolume magnetic fields can be the anyons. Next, we discuss the
possible candidates of the dual anyonic operators on the CFT side, and find the
agreement of their anyonic phases with the supergravity analysis. Finally, we
try to construct the brane profile for the holographic anyons by solving the
equations of motion and Killing spinor equations for the embedding profile of
the wrapped branes. As a by product, we find a BPS spiky brane for the dual
baryons in the ABJM theory.Comment: 1+33 pages, 3 figures; v2 discussion for D4-D6 case added, references
added; v3 comments adde
Moving Branes with Background Massless and Tachyon Fields in the Compact Spacetime
In this article we shall obtain the boundary state associated with a moving
-brane in the presence of the Kalb-Ramond field , an internal
U(1) gauge field and a tachyon field, in the compact spacetime.
According to this state, properties of the brane and a closed string, with
mixed boundary conditions emitted from it, will be obtained. Using this
boundary state we calculate the interaction amplitude of two moving
and -branes with above background fields in a partially compact
spacetime. They are parallel or perpendicular to each other. Properties of the
interaction amplitude will be analyzed and contribution of the massless states
to the interaction will be extracted.Comment: 13 pages, Latex, no figur
Holographic Penta and Hepta Quark State in Confining Gauge Theories
We study a new embedding solutions of D5 brane in an asymptotic
AdS space-time, which is dual to a confining gauge
theory. The D5 brane is wrapped on as in the case of the vertex of
holographic baryon. However, the solution given here is different from the
usual baryon vertex in the point that it couples to -anti-quarks and
quarks on the opposite two points of , the north and south poles,
respectively. The total quark number of this state is preserved as when
minus one is assigned to anti-quark, then it forms a color singlet like the
baryon. However, this includes anti-quarks and quarks, whose number is larger
than that of the baryon. When we set as , we find the so called penta
and hepta-quark states. We study the dynamical properties of these states by
solving the vertex and string configurations for such states. The mass spectra
of these states and the tension of the stretched vertex are estimated, and they
are compared with that of the baryon.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figure
Four-Dimensional String/String Duality
We present supersymmetric soliton solutions of the four-dimensional heterotic
string corresponding to monopoles, strings and domain walls. These solutions
admit the interpretation of a fivebrane wrapped around , or
of the toroidally compactified dimensions and are arguably exact to all
orders in . The solitonic string solution exhibits an {\it
strong/weak coupling} duality which however corresponds to an {\it
target space} duality of the fundamental string.Comment: 14 page
M-Branes and Metastable States
We study a supersymmetry breaking deformation of the M-theory background
found in arXiv:hep-th/0012011. The supersymmetric solution is a warped product
of R^{2,1} and the 8-dimensional Stenzel space, which is a higher dimensional
generalization of the deformed conifold. At the bottom of the warped throat
there is a 4-sphere threaded by \tilde{M} units of 4-form flux. The dual
(2+1)-dimensional theory has a discrete spectrum of bound states. We add p
anti-M2 branes at a point on the 4-sphere, and show that they blow up into an
M5-brane wrapping a 3-sphere at a fixed azimuthal angle on the 4-sphere. This
supersymmetry breaking state turns out to be metastable for p / \tilde{M} <
0.054. We find a smooth O(3)-symmetric Euclidean bounce solution in the
M5-brane world volume theory that describes the decay of the false vacuum.
Calculation of the Euclidean action shows that the metastable state is
extremely long-lived. We also describe the corresponding metastable states and
their decay in the type IIA background obtained by reduction along one of the
spatial directions of R^{2,1}.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures; v2 note adde
Quantum Cosmology for the General Bianchi Type II, VI(Class A) and VII(Class A) vacuum geometries
The canonical quantization of the most general minisuperspace actions --i.e.
with all six scale factor as well as the lapse function and the shift vector
present-- describing the vacuum type II, VI and VII geometries, is considered.
The reduction to the corresponding physical degrees of freedom is achieved
through the usage of the linear constraints as well as the quantum version of
the entire set of classical integrals of motion.Comment: 23 pages, LaTeX2e, No figure
A note on wavemap-tensor cosmologies
We examine theories of gravity which include finitely many coupled scalar
fields with arbitrary couplings to the curvature (wavemaps). We show that the
most general scalar-tensor -model action is conformally equivalent to
general relativity with a minimally coupled wavemap with a particular target
metric. Inflation on the source manifold is then shown to occur in a novel way
due to the combined effect of arbitrary curvature couplings and wavemap
self-interactions. A new interpretation of the conformal equivalence theorem
proved for such `wavemap-tensor' theories through brane-bulk dynamics is also
discussed.Comment: 8 pages, LaTeX, to appear in the Proceedings of the 2nd Hellenic
Cosmology Workshop, National Observatory of Athens, April 21-22, 2001,
(Kluwer 2001
Geometry of open strings ending on backreacting D3-branes
We investigate open string theory on backreacting D3-branes using a spacetime
approach. We study in detail the half-BPS supergravity solutions describing
open strings ending on D3-branes, in the near horizon of the D3-branes. We
recover quantitatively several non-trivial features of open string physics
including the appearance of D3-brane spikes, the polarization of fundamental
strings into D5-branes, and the Hanany-Witten effect. Finally we detail the
computation of the gravitational potential between two open strings, and
contrast it with the holographic computation of Wilson lines. We argue that the
D-brane backreaction has a large influence on the low-energy gravity, which may
lead to experimental tests for string theory brane-world scenarios.Comment: 64 pages, 20 figure
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