12 research outputs found
Neurohumoral activation in heart failure: the role of adrenergic receptors
Heart failure (HF) is a common endpoint for many forms of cardiovascular disease and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The development of end-stage HF often involves an initial insult to the myocardium that reduces cardiac output and leads to a compensatory increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. Acutely, the sympathetic hyperactivity through the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors increases heart rate and cardiac contractility, which compensate for decreased cardiac output. However, chronic exposure of the heart to elevated levels of catecholamines released from sympathetic nerve terminals and the adrenal gland may lead to further pathologic changes in the heart, resulting in continued elevation of sympathetic tone and a progressive deterioration in cardiac function. On a molecular level, altered beta-adrenergic receptor signaling plays a pivotal role in the genesis and progression of HF. beta-adrenergic receptor number and function are decreased, and downstream mechanisms are altered. In this review we will present an overview of the normal beta-adrenergic receptor pathway in the heart and the consequences of sustained adrenergic activation in HF. The myopathic potential of individual components of the adrenergic signaling will be discussed through the results of research performed in genetic modified animals. Finally, we will discuss the potential clinical impact of beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms for better understanding the progression of HF.<br>A insuficiência cardÃaca (IC) é a via final comum da maioria das doenças cardiovasculares e uma das maiores causas de morbi-mortalidade. O desenvolvimento do estágio final da IC freqüentemente envolve um insulto inicial do miocárdio, reduzindo o débito cardÃaco e levando ao aumento compensatório da atividade do sistema nervoso simpático (SNS). Existem evidências de que apesar da exposição aguda ser benéfica, exposições crônicas a elevadas concentrações de catecolaminas, liberadas pelo terminal nervoso simpático e pela glândula adrenal, são tóxicas ao tecido cardÃaco e levam a deterioração da função cardÃaca. Em nÃvel molecular observa-se que a hiperatividade do SNS está associada a alterações na sinalização intracelular mediada pelos receptores beta-adrenérgicos. Sabe-se que tanto a densidade como a função dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos estão diminuÃdas na IC, assim como outros mecanismos intracelulares subjacentes à estimulação da via receptores beta-adrenérgicos. Nesta revisão, apresentaremos uma breve descrição da via de sinalização dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos no coração normal e as conseqüências da hiperatividade do SNS na IC. Daremos ênfase ao potencial miopático de diversos componentes da cascata de sinalização dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos discutindo estudos realizados com animais geneticamente modificados. Finalmente, discorreremos sobre o impacto clÃnico do conhecimento dos polimorfismos para o gene do receptor beta-adrenérgico para um melhor entendimento da progressão da IC
Device Modeling of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
We review the concepts and methods of modeling of the dye-sensitized solar cell, starting from fundamental electron transfer theory, and using phenomenological transport-conservation equations. The models revised here are aimed at describing the components of the current–voltage curve of the solar cell, based on small perturbation experimental methods, and to such an end, a range of phenomena occurring in the nanoparticulate electron transport materials, and at interfaces, are covered. Disorder plays a major role in the definition of kinetic parameters, and we introduce single particle as well as collective function definitions of diffusion coefficient and electron lifetime. Based on these fundamental considerations, applied tools of analysis of impedance spectroscopy are described, and we outline in detail the theory of recombination via surface states that is successful to describe the measured recombination resistance and lifetime