Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

Bioactive Facade System Symbiosis as a Key for Eco-Beneficial Building Element

7th Global Conference on Global Warming (GCGW) -- JUN 24-28, 2018 -- Izmir, TURKEYWOS: 000587895700005The problems in today's built environment have a strong interrelation with key factors like pollution, global warming, energy and limited natural resources. When thinking of an ideal city the management of all these factors plays an important role in sustainability. Searching a magical solution to all these problems in this dynamic structure is not realistic, but some novel approaches like using the greenery (plants and microalgae) as bioactive elements adapted throughout the urban environment especially in the form of living facades on the buildings is getting more attention with regards to their eco-friendly potential. Bioactive facades can create a positive impact on managing some important parameters like thermal comfort, energy efficiency, wastewater recycle, CO2 capture and real estate price increase in microscale focusing on a single building aswell as global warming, pollution control, urban heat islands, social wealth and sustainable future in macroscale focusing on a big city. the aim of this review will be the key parameters for an efficient bioactive facade with regards to pros and cons, challenges and future. the review will cover the background of using plants as living walls or green walls and then will focus on the microalgae and photobioreactor adapted buildings