Pátio cercado por árvores de espinho e outras frutas, sem ordem e sem simetria: O quintal em vilas e arraiais de Minas Gerais (séculos XVIII e XIX)

This article analyses urban and rural backyards in Minas Gerais, in the late18th and early 19th centuries. Sources include probate records, foreign travelers accounts, administrative documents and iconography. These spaces are interpreted as a part of material culture, as provisioning grounds, and places of sociability and family intimacy. The connections of yards within households and the surrounding streetscapes are examined, revealing that they can be viewed as instruments of balance in the overall urban landscape.O texto objetiva analisar os quintais urbanos e rurais em Minas Gerais, ao final do século XVIII e início do século XIX. Interpreta evidências documentais de inventários post mortem, narrativas de viajantes estrangeiros, documentos administrativos e iconográficos, interpretando esses espaços, na perspectiva da cultura material, como lugares de abastecimento alimentar, sociabilidades e da intimidade familiar. Considera a ligação dos quintais com a casa e as ruas e os vê como espaços de equilibrio da paisagem urbana

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing

Purpose Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned. Methods Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted. Results We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency). Conclusion The “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock

Politique des “eaux publiques” et affirmation du pouvoir municipal au XVIIIe siècle à Vila Rica (Minas Gerais, Brésil)

Water policy in eighteenth-century Vila Rica was a major concern for the Portuguese monarchy, the municipality and the local inhabitants, and hence it involved both “common” and “private” interests. In just a few decades, this mining town, located in the center-south of Brazil, expanded swiftly due to the discovery of gold at the end of the seventeenth century. Founded in 1711, a decade later Vila Rica became the governor's headquarters of the captaincy of Minas Gerais.This community management case study of water reveals the genesis of the legal statutes of “public waters,” that is to say its creation, its principles and its continuity within the dynamics of Portuguese colonization of Brazil. It argues that the municipal council relied on the emerging concept of “public waters” to impose itself as the authority in charge of natural resource management within the city´s “public sphere”.In examining this theme, we are guided by the following question: in that under-developed environment, how could a physically inalienable resource, which depended on royal patrimony, become an object of collective or individual appropriation? Our findings show that despite its abundance, water was unequally shared. In addition to this, competitive sharing was more complex due to the diversification of urban activities that required the use of water. The “public waters” attribution differed from other legal statutes that applied to waters in general. For example, the “auriferous waters” category was created by royal order in 1720. In fact, altogether the multiplicity and the flexibility of the urban waters regimen underline the institutional organization setting while also underscoring the role of municipal authority.Spatial and fiscal stakes in water control, simultaneously functional and symbolic, were dominant themes. Indeed, this process secured and affirmed the political and economic autonomy of Vila Rica. These interests had consequences for the territory under municipal control, the growth of the urban population and the volume of public funds. The quality and quantity of the drinking water enhanced the town's image as a “civilized” center. Thus, there was then a clear recognition of how the inhabitants benefited from these policies, especially within a context of rivalry between mining towns and even beyond the local area. In this colonial context, where different spheres of authority commonly clashed, the “public waters” policy seemed to represent a space from which municipal power could exert a degree of autonomy.La política del agua en Vila Rica (Brasil) durante el siglo XVIII era una preocupación esencial a la vez para la monarquía portuguesa, la municipalidad y la población, lo que implicaba intereses “colectivos” e “individuales”. Esta investigación sobre la gestión de las aguas urbanas restituye la génesis del estatuto de las aguas públicas dentro de una dinámica colonizadora. El reparto se volvía más complejo con el desarrollo de actividades inherentes a la minería. Este abundante recurso y naturalmente inalienable que pertenecía al patrimonio real, se convertía en un bien apropiable. Su control implicaba desafíos espaciales y económicos, y le garantizaba a la ciudad una autonomía política. Por lo tanto, el programa de las aguas públicas resulta ser un vector de emancipación de las autoridades municipales dentro del espacio colonial.La politique de l’eau à Vila Rica (Brésil) au XVIIIe siècle était une préoccupation centrale pour la monarchie portugaise, la municipalité et la population, mêlant des intérêts “communs” et “particuliers”. Cette enquête sur la gestion des eaux urbaines restitue la genèse du statut des eaux publiques au cœur d’une dynamique de colonisation. Le partage se complexifiait avec le développement d’activités parallèlement à l’exploitation minière. De fait, la ressource en abondance et par nature inaliénable, qui relevait du patrimoine royal, est devenue un bien appropriable. Les enjeux spatiaux et économiques de son contrôle garantissaient une autonomie politique à la ville. Ainsi, le programme des eaux publiques est apparu comme un vecteur d’émancipation des autorités municipales dans l’espace colonial

Gestion des ressources hydriques et activité minière au Minas Gerais (Brésil) des premières découvertes d'or alluvionnaire à 1736

Using an historiography about the concept of water sharing, this paper proposes and analyzes a legal classification of the waters in Minas Gerais (Brazil) during the eighteenth century. Within the mining context, it mainly deals with the legal statutes of waters which were used by minors, that being: “common waters” and “auriferous waters”. The end of the seventeenth century until 1736 marks the period between the first discoveries of alluvial gold and the ultimate reform of auriferous waters sharing. The fundamental stages of water capitalization are stressed at the local scale with the auriferous lands sharing and the taxation systems. Within the recently conquered mining territory of Brazil, the Portuguese Crown had to face two major impediments: the rise of powerful minors and institutional disorder. On the one hand, the powerful minors had represented the water managers class, who had escaped from a centralized administrative control. On the other hand, the constant institutional disorder had caused an increase in wealth for the water masters as well as the misappropriation of gold. Moreover, the regulation of water sharing remained unclear and the breach of power by local authorities was rampant. Therefore, the home country was forced to enact mining legislation and reforms to the local politico-administrative framework, promoting specialized jurisdictions and introducing a multiplicity of peripheral powers.In this way, the issue of water management was spatial, due to the common law of water appropriation, and economic, in relation with the taxation of gold production. Consequently, this specific context of water policy led to important institutional changes within the “fair government” of the colony

Politique des “eaux publiques” et affirmation du pouvoir municipal au XVIIIe siècle à Vila Rica (Minas Gerais, Brésil)

Water policy in eighteenth-century Vila Rica was a major concern for the Portuguese monarchy, the municipality and the local inhabitants, and hence it involved both “common” and “private” interests. In just a few decades, this mining town, located in the center-south of Brazil, expanded swiftly due to the discovery of gold at the end of the seventeenth century. Founded in 1711, a decade later Vila Rica became the governor's headquarters of the captaincy of Minas Gerais.This community management case study of water reveals the genesis of the legal statutes of “public waters,” that is to say its creation, its principles and its continuity within the dynamics of Portuguese colonization of Brazil. It argues that the municipal council relied on the emerging concept of “public waters” to impose itself as the authority in charge of natural resource management within the city´s “public sphere”.In examining this theme, we are guided by the following question: in that under-developed environment, how could a physically inalienable resource, which depended on royal patrimony, become an object of collective or individual appropriation? Our findings show that despite its abundance, water was unequally shared. In addition to this, competitive sharing was more complex due to the diversification of urban activities that required the use of water. The “public waters” attribution differed from other legal statutes that applied to waters in general. For example, the “auriferous waters” category was created by royal order in 1720. In fact, altogether the multiplicity and the flexibility of the urban waters regimen underline the institutional organization setting while also underscoring the role of municipal authority.Spatial and fiscal stakes in water control, simultaneously functional and symbolic, were dominant themes. Indeed, this process secured and affirmed the political and economic autonomy of Vila Rica. These interests had consequences for the territory under municipal control, the growth of the urban population and the volume of public funds. The quality and quantity of the drinking water enhanced the town's image as a “civilized” center. Thus, there was then a clear recognition of how the inhabitants benefited from these policies, especially within a context of rivalry between mining towns and even beyond the local area. In this colonial context, where different spheres of authority commonly clashed, the “public waters” policy seemed to represent a space from which municipal power could exert a degree of autonomy.La politique de l’eau à Vila Rica (Brésil) au XVIIIe siècle était une préoccupation centrale pour la monarchie portugaise, la municipalité et la population, mêlant des intérêts “communs” et “particuliers”. Cette enquête sur la gestion des eaux urbaines restitue la genèse du statut des eaux publiques au cœur d’une dynamique de colonisation. Le partage se complexifiait avec le développement d’activités parallèlement à l’exploitation minière. De fait, la ressource en abondance et par nature inaliénable, qui relevait du patrimoine royal, est devenue un bien appropriable. Les enjeux spatiaux et économiques de son contrôle garantissaient une autonomie politique à la ville. Ainsi, le programme des eaux publiques est apparu comme un vecteur d’émancipation des autorités municipales dans l’espace colonial.La política del agua en Vila Rica (Brasil) durante el siglo XVIII era una preocupación esencial a la vez para la monarquía portuguesa, la municipalidad y la población, lo que implicaba intereses “colectivos” e “individuales”. Esta investigación sobre la gestión de las aguas urbanas restituye la génesis del estatuto de las aguas públicas dentro de una dinámica colonizadora. El reparto se volvía más complejo con el desarrollo de actividades inherentes a la minería. Este abundante recurso y naturalmente inalienable que pertenecía al patrimonio real, se convertía en un bien apropiable. Su control implicaba desafíos espaciales y económicos, y le garantizaba a la ciudad una autonomía política. Por lo tanto, el programa de las aguas públicas resulta ser un vector de emancipación de las autoridades municipales dentro del espacio colonial

Des rivières, de l'or et des fontaines. Politique des eaux au XVIIIe siècle à Vila Rica (Minas Gerais, Brésil)

Vila Rica (actuelle Ouro Preto, Brésil) représente un excellent observatoire pour examiner les politiques des eaux dans le cadre impérial portugais au XVIIIe siècle. Dans cette ville minière, devenue en 1720 le lieu de résidence du gouverneur de la capitainerie des Minas Gerais, qui contrôlait l’eau, comment et pourquoi ? Notre période d'étude commence au moment des premières découvertes officielles d'or alluvionnaire (1693) et se termine l’année de construction de la dernière fontaine publique dans la ville minière (1806). Cette période est essentielle pour comprendre l’évolution des enjeux de gestion de l'eau. En effet, le XVIIIe siècle fut caractérisé par un développement important en termes de contrôle de l’eau à la fois dans les mines d’or et dans la ville, en raison des découvertes de filons aurifères et du développement urbain de Vila Rica. Une grande diversité de sources de type normatif est exploitée afin d’en dégager les droits des eaux et le rôle des pouvoirs. Sur un territoire isolé où les ressources en eau étaient abondantes, le projet municipal des eaux gratuites distribuées par de belles fontaines a révélé, dès la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle, une forte intentionnalité politique. Cette prestigieuse représentation de la politique des « eaux publiques », selon le modèle métropolitain, est apparue dans l'espace colonial où se faisaient front différentes sphères du pouvoir. Ainsi, cette thèse met en valeur l’importance du contrôle de l’eau au sein du processus d'amélioration de l'exercice du pouvoir. Les conflits d’intérêts liés au partage de la ressource nous permettent d’analyser les enjeux d'appropriation et d’usage. Dès lors, nous cherchons à démontrer en quoi la politique des eaux était une préoccupation centrale pour la monarchie, pour la municipalité et pour la population, mêlant des intérêts « communs » et « privés »Vila Rica (currently Ouro Preto) represents an excellent case study on water policies within the Imperial Portuguese framework prevailing in the eighteenth century. In this mining town, which became the governor's headquarter in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais in 1720, just who controlled water, how and why? The study correspondingly spans the period beginning in 1693 with the first discoveries of alluvial gold before ending with the building of the final public fountain in 1806. This period is essential to understanding how the challenges of managing water have evolved over time. The eighteenth century was characterised by an important development in terms of managing the water both in the mines and in the town due to the discoveries of gold and the corresponding development of the town center. A wide diversity of normative sources leads to the focus on the water law and the role of power. In this isolated territory, where water as a resource abounded, the municipal project for free water provided by beautiful fountains reveals strong political intentions. This representation of the public water policy, aligned with the metropolitan model, thus appeared in the colonial space when rivalries occurred between different spheres of power. Thus, this thesis emphasizes the sheer importance of controlling water as a means of enhancing the process of exercising power. The way in which conflicts took place in water sharing enables us to highlight the challenges inherent to appropriation and usage. Hence, we here demonstrate how the water policy became a major concern for the monarchy, the Town Council and the population, involving both common and private interest

Politique des “eaux publiques” et affirmation du pouvoir municipal au XVIIIe siècle à Vila Rica (Minas Gerais, Brésil)

Water policy in eighteenth-century Vila Rica was a major concern for the Portuguese monarchy, the municipality and the local inhabitants, and hence it involved both “common” and “private” interests. In just a few decades, this mining town, located in the center-south of Brazil, expanded swiftly due to the discovery of gold at the end of the seventeenth century. Founded in 1711, a decade later Vila Rica became the governor's headquarters of the captaincy of Minas Gerais.This community management case study of water reveals the genesis of the legal statutes of “public waters,” that is to say its creation, its principles and its continuity within the dynamics of Portuguese colonization of Brazil. It argues that the municipal council relied on the emerging concept of “public waters” to impose itself as the authority in charge of natural resource management within the city´s “public sphere”.In examining this theme, we are guided by the following question: in that under-developed environment, how could a physically inalienable resource, which depended on royal patrimony, become an object of collective or individual appropriation? Our findings show that despite its abundance, water was unequally shared. In addition to this, competitive sharing was more complex due to the diversification of urban activities that required the use of water. The “public waters” attribution differed from other legal statutes that applied to waters in general. For example, the “auriferous waters” category was created by royal order in 1720. In fact, altogether the multiplicity and the flexibility of the urban waters regimen underline the institutional organization setting while also underscoring the role of municipal authority.Spatial and fiscal stakes in water control, simultaneously functional and symbolic, were dominant themes. Indeed, this process secured and affirmed the political and economic autonomy of Vila Rica. These interests had consequences for the territory under municipal control, the growth of the urban population and the volume of public funds. The quality and quantity of the drinking water enhanced the town's image as a “civilized” center. Thus, there was then a clear recognition of how the inhabitants benefited from these policies, especially within a context of rivalry between mining towns and even beyond the local area. In this colonial context, where different spheres of authority commonly clashed, the “public waters” policy seemed to represent a space from which municipal power could exert a degree of autonomy.La política del agua en Vila Rica (Brasil) durante el siglo XVIII era una preocupación esencial a la vez para la monarquía portuguesa, la municipalidad y la población, lo que implicaba intereses “colectivos” e “individuales”. Esta investigación sobre la gestión de las aguas urbanas restituye la génesis del estatuto de las aguas públicas dentro de una dinámica colonizadora. El reparto se volvía más complejo con el desarrollo de actividades inherentes a la minería. Este abundante recurso y naturalmente inalienable que pertenecía al patrimonio real, se convertía en un bien apropiable. Su control implicaba desafíos espaciales y económicos, y le garantizaba a la ciudad una autonomía política. Por lo tanto, el programa de las aguas públicas resulta ser un vector de emancipación de las autoridades municipales dentro del espacio colonial.La politique de l’eau à Vila Rica (Brésil) au XVIIIe siècle était une préoccupation centrale pour la monarchie portugaise, la municipalité et la population, mêlant des intérêts “communs” et “particuliers”. Cette enquête sur la gestion des eaux urbaines restitue la genèse du statut des eaux publiques au cœur d’une dynamique de colonisation. Le partage se complexifiait avec le développement d’activités parallèlement à l’exploitation minière. De fait, la ressource en abondance et par nature inaliénable, qui relevait du patrimoine royal, est devenue un bien appropriable. Les enjeux spatiaux et économiques de son contrôle garantissaient une autonomie politique à la ville. Ainsi, le programme des eaux publiques est apparu comme un vecteur d’émancipation des autorités municipales dans l’espace colonial