Response of Epidendrum Ibaguense (orchidaceae) to the application of lime rates to the pot

In the best cultivation methods of orchids, in particular of the genus Phalaenopsis, liming is a common practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lime rates (0.0; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; and 5.0 g dm-3 of substrate) applied to the cultivation substrate (xaxim) on the growth of Epidendrum ibaguense seedlings. In a greenhouse, 1-L plastic pots filled with 0.8 dm³ of xaxim were irrigated such that no leachate was lost during the experiment. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, B, and Mn contents in roots, stems and leaves were measured. Leachate was collected by applying a sufficient water volume to obtain 25 mL from each pot. Fourteen days after lime application of 3 g dm-3, the pH of the collected leachate reached values above 7 and a value of 6.29 with the highest lime rate at the end of the experiment. The lime rate did not influence plant height, probably due to a Zn deficiency at high pH levels and a Ca deficiency in the control. Nevertheless, there was a large increase in leaf production, for number as well as for dry matter mass. There was no statistical difference between treatments in root dry matter production. Maximum dry matter production was obtained at a lime rate of 4.09 g dm-3. Zinc concentrations diminished linearly with increasing lime rates; the concentrations in all treatments were below the levels suggested as adequate in the literature (25-200 mg kg-1). Nutrient concentrations in leaves indicated deficiency of N, S, and B at the highest lime rates (4.0 and 5.0 g dm-3), and of Ca in the treatment without liming.Nos melhores cultivos de orquídeas é comum o uso de calcário, de modo particular daquelas do gênero Phalaenopsis. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência de doses de calcário (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 g dm-3 de substrato) aplicadas sobre o substrato de cultivo (xaxim) no crescimento de mudas de Epidendrum ibaguense. Foram utilizados vasos plásticos de 1 L preenchidos com 0,8 dm³ de xaxim em casa de vegetação, com irrigação controlada, de forma que não ocorressem perdas por lixiviação de nutrientes durante a condução do experimento. Foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, B e Mn em ra��zes, caules e folhas. Foi coletado um lixiviado a partir da aplicação de um volume de água suficiente para a coleta de 25 mL de cada vaso. Aos 14 dias após aplicação das doses de calcário, o pH do lixiviado coletado atingiu valores superiores a 7, a partir da dose de 3 g dm-3, e apresentou valor de 6,29 para a maior dose de calcário no final do experimento. Não houve influência das doses de calcário na altura das plantas, provavelmente devido à deficiência de Zn em valores de pH elevados e à deficiência de Ca na testemunha. Todavia, houve grande incremento na produção de folhas, tanto para número quanto para massa de matéria seca. Não houve diferença estatística para produção de matéria seca de raízes entre os tratamentos. A produção de matéria seca de folhas foi máxima com a aplicação de 4,09 g dm-3 do calcário. Os teores de Zn diminuíram linearmente com o aumento da dose de calcário; todos os tratamentos apresentaram teores abaixo daqueles considerados adequados pela literatura (25-200 mg kg-1). Os teores dos nutrientes analisados demonstraram deficiências foliares de N, S e B para as maiores doses de calcário (4 e 5 g dm-3) e de Ca no tratamento que não recebeu calcário

Adubação nitrogenada para milho com o uso de plantas de cobertura e modos de aplicação de calcário

O sistema plantio direto (SPD) é uma realidade na região dos Cerrados, mas alguns questionamentos persistem nesse tipo de manejo como o modo de realização da calagem e a dose de nitrogênio (N) a ser adotada em cultura comercial, em relação às culturas precedentes. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar modos de aplicar o calcário na implantação do SPD e o efeito de culturas de cobertura precedentes sobre a necessidade de adubação nitrogenada da cultura do milho, durante diferentes anos agrícolas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (modos de aplicação do calcário x culturas de cobertura) e posterior divisão em três subparcelas, referentes às doses de N (0, 90 e 180 kg ha-1). Foram avaliados quatro modos de aplicação de calcário: incorporado a 0-0,2 m, em out./2001; dose total em superfície aplicada, em out./2001; aplicação de 1/2 da dose, em out./2001, e 1/2, em ago./2002, na superfície; e aplicação de 1/3 da dose recomendada, em mar./2001, + 1/3, em out./2001, e 1/3, em ago./2002, também em superfície. Além de um tratamento testemunha (sem calcário) e duas culturas de cobertura, crotalária e milheto. Os diferentes modos de calagem não alteraram a produtividade de grãos de milho. O cultivo de milho após crotalária apresentou melhor desempenho e menor demanda de adubação nitrogenada, quando comparado ao cultivado após milheto.The no-tillage (NT) management is widely used in the Cerrado region, but some questions remain unanswered, for example about the need of liming and adequate nitrogen rates for commercial crops when preceded by cover crops. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of precedent cover crops on the maize demand for nitrogen fertilization and forms of liming preceding the adoption of no-tillage management (NT) in different growing seasons. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block factorial design 5 x 2 (liming forms x cover crops) and later divided into three subplots representing the N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha-1). Four liming forms were evaluated: lime rate incorporated in the 0 - 0.2 m soil layer in Oct/2001; total dose applied on the surface in Oct/2001; 1/2 amount applied in Oct/2001 and 1/2 in Aug/2002 on the surface; and 1/3 of the recommended dose applied in Mar/2001 + 1/3 in Oct/2001 + 1/3 in Aug/2002, all on the soil surface; plus a control treatment (no lime) and two cover crops (sunn hemp and millet). Maize grain yield was not affected by the different liming forms. Sunn hemp proved more efficient than millet as cover crop preceding maize.Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Departamento de Fitotecnia, Sócio-Economia e Tecnologia de AlimentosUnesp AgronomiaUSP Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - CENA CiênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Departamento de Fitotecnia, Sócio-Economia e Tecnologia de AlimentosUnesp Agronomi

Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report Volume 2: Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety

In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC ‘integrated programme’, described in this report, in a first stage consists of a highest-luminosity electron-positron collider, FCC-ee, serving as Higgs, top and electroweak factory, with a subsequent energy-frontier proton-proton collider, FCC-hh, as the second stage.     The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four baseline centre-of-mass energies, corresponding to the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold, always delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over a span of 15 years, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, almost 3 million Higgs bosons,  and 2 million top anti-top pairs. On the Z pole and at the WW pair threshold, the collision energy can be precisely calibrated by frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes and beam energies is flexible, between the Z, WW and ZH substages. The hadron collider, FCC-hh, will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of about 85 TeV, extending the energy frontier by almost an order of magnitude compared with the LHC, and providing integrated luminosity 5-10 times higher than that of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. The mass reach for direct discovery at the FCC-hh amounts to several tens of TeV. The FCC-hh can also accommodate ion-ion, ion-hadron, and lepton-hadron collision options.   This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report covers the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, the operation and staging concepts, the design of the full-energy booster and of the FCC-ee injector complex, the accelerator technologies required, safety concepts, and technical infrastructures,  along with the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, the associated high-field magnet developments, hadron injector options, and FCC-hh key technical systems.In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible. FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV - nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh