Suinocultura no Estado de Goiás: aplicação de um modelo de localização

Esta pesquisa teve como principal objetivo a análise da distribuição mais eficiente de granjas suinícolas no Estado de Goiás. O modelo de localização desenvolvido envolveu uma estrutura de programação inteira mista. Os fatores considerados para o objetivo do estudo foram os custos de transporte de grãos (milho e soja) até a granja, o custo de transporte de suínos até o abatedouro e o custo de transporte de carcaça de suíno até o mercado consumidor. Definiu-se como mercado consumidor o próprio Estado de Goiás, o Distrito Federal e os municípios de São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Belo Horizonte. Além disso, determinou-se também as ofertas de milho e soja de cada microrregião do Estado de Goiás, e o consumo per capita nacional de carne suína. Considerou-se três cenários, envolvendo níveis distintos de consumo per capita, sendo um o atual e os outros dois determinados de acordo com as perspectivas do setor.<br>The main purpose of this research work was to analyse the most efficient spatial distribution of pig production units in the state of Goiás. The model developed required a mixed integer programming structure. The factors considered in the model were: the grain transportation cost (corn and soybeans) from the source to the production unit, the cost of transporting the animals from the production unit to slaughterhouses and the carcass transportation cost from the slaughterhouse to retailers. The consumption market was spatialy defined as comprising the state of Goiás, the Distrito Federal and the counties of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. Moreover, it was determined the supplies of corn and soybeans for each microregion in the state of Goiás and the national per capita pork consumption. Three scenarios, showing different per capita consumption levels, were considered. One of these is the current per capita consumption level and the two other were determined according to sector perspectives

Avaliação de curvas de maturação de laranjas por análise de agrupamento Evaluation of different orange maturation curves by means of cluster analysis

Foram avaliadas curvas de maturação de frutos de 17 clones e cultivares de laranjas-doces pela análise de agrupamento. Determinou-se o &deg;Brix e a acidez das laranjas no período de agosto a dezembro de 1995, em Cordeirópolis, SP, obtendo-se as curvas que descrevem o comportamento das variáveis ao longo do tempo. Com base no ajustamento de equações polinomiais, foram calculadas estimativas médias para &deg;Brix e acidez aos 70, 75, 80, 85 e 90 dias após o início da coleta de frutos para análises. Com os dados padronizados, obteve-se o agrupamento pela média de grupos de pares não balanceados. Distinguiram-se quatro grupos de clones e cultivares de laranjas quanto à maturação. Um dos grupos, formado apenas pelo clone Navelência, apresentou 13,4&deg;Brix e acidez de 0,83%, no início do período considerado, mostrando maturação precoce em relação aos outros clones e cultivares. A cultivar Pêra também formou um grupo isolado, com a razão &deg;Brix/acidez superior a 12,0, em meados de outubro. Para o grupo formado pelas laranjas Natal, Folha Murcha, Old Bud Line, Cutter, Valência, Lue Ging Gong e Tuxpan foi revelada a segunda quinzena de novembro como a época adequada para colheita, enquanto que, o agrupamento dos clones Frost, Whits, Olinda, Late, Stone, Chaffei, Werley e Berry atingiu a mesma relação de sólidos solúveis e acidez após 40 dias.<br>Fruit maturation of seventeen sweet orange clones and cultivars were evaluated by cluster analysis. Soluble solids (°Brix) and acidity were determined during the spring season 1995, in Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil. Polynomial equations were determined between August and December and values for those variables were estimated 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 days after the initial fruit sampling. The data set was standardized to perform cluster analysis regarding the Euclidean distance measure and the linkage rule as UPGMA type. Four clusters were selected in regard to fruit maturation stage. Navelência, the earliest clone, showed 13.4°Brix and 0.83% acidity in the beginning of the considered period. The Pêra cultivar, another single clone cluster, showed ratio higher than 12.0 after middle October. The Natal, Folha Murcha, Old Bud Line, Cutter, Valência, Lue Ging Gong and Tuxpan orange clones and cultivars formed a third cluster, which reached harvesting maturity during middle November, whereas, Frost, Whits, Olinda, Late, Stone, Chaffei, Werley and Berry clones reached the same stage forty days later

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &amp;lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified. © 2023, The Author(s)