7 research outputs found
The next generation: design and the infrastructure for learning in a mobile and networked world
Focusing on intermediate and institutional levels of design for learning, this chapter explores how institutional decisions relate to design, using recent experience at The Open University as a case study. To illuminate the relationship between institutional decisions and learner-focused design, we review and bring together some of the research on learner practices in mobile and networked learning. We take a critical stance in relation to the concept of generation, which has been applied to understanding learners of different ages using terms such as net generation and digital natives. Following on from this, we propose an integrated pedagogical design approach that takes account of learner practices, spaces for learning, and technologies. The chapter also proposes future research directions focused on the changing context for learning, a distinction between place and space and an understanding of how the different levels of educational systems interact with mobile and networked technologies
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REACTION AND DEACTIVATION OF HCl (v = 1, 2) BY Cl, Br, AND H ATOMS
Total decay rates for HCl(v = 2, 1) were measured in the range 294 - 439 K for Cl, 295 - 390 K for Br, and at 296 K for H. HCl(v = 2) was produced directly by pulsed laser excitation of the overtone. The fraction of HCl(v = 2) relaxed to HCl(v = 1) was determined. For HCl(v = 2) + Cl, relaxation gave entirely HCl(v = 1) within an experimental uncertainty of ± 10%, the total relaxation rate was large, k/v = 5 {Angstrom}{sup 2} , and rates varied only slightly with temperature. For Br + HCl(v = 2) reaction to HBr(v = 0) + Cl is exoergic by about kT. Relaxation to HCl(v = 1) is the dominant process. Reaction contributes roughly 17% and 34% to the loss of HCl(v = 2) at 295 and 390 K, respectively. In constrast to the result for Br and for O (reported previously) H + HCl(v = 2) gives 65% H{sub 2} + Cl and only 35% HCl(v = 1) +H. For HCl(v = 1) + H Cl, O the vibrational excitation energy is greater than the activation energy for reaction. The relaxation rates are between 1/2 and 1/3 of the A values for the measured thermal exchange rates Aexp(-{Delta}E{sub act}/RT). For HCl(v = 1) + Br, well below threshold, the rate is some 20 times less than for HCl(v = 1) + Cl. The rate for HCl(v = 2) + Br, just above reaction threshold is not dramatically larger. The ratios of vibrational relaxation rates for HCl(v = 2) vs HCl(v = 1) are 5.0 ± 1.3, 4.2 ± 0.4, and 5.0 ± 1.3 for O, Cl, and Br, respectively. Any first order linear perturbation treatment gives rates proportional to v; the data scale more closely as v{sup 2}
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Vibrational Relaxation of D2O ( v2)
The method of laser-excited vibrational fluorescence has been used to measure vibrational relaxation rates for the bending mode of D{sub 2}O in collisions with D{sub 2}O, D{sub 2}, HD, H{sub 2}, He, and Ar. The rate constants at 295 K are found to be (3.2 {+-} 0.2) x 10{sup -11}, (3.6 {+-} 0.2) x 10{sup -13}, (1.2 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup -12}, (3.3 {+-} 0.2) x 10{sup -12}, (7.1 {+-} 0.9) x 10{sup -14}, and (3.0 {+-} 1.2) x 10{sup -14} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup -1} sec{sup -1}, respectively. Relaxation times have been measured for two D{sub 2}O-HDO-H{sub 2}O mixtures and relaxation probabilities, PD{sub 2}O-HDO and PD{sub 2}O-H{sub 2}O were estimated to be not very different from PD{sub 2}O-D{sub 2}O. The temperature dependence of the relaxation was measured for pure D{sub 2}O. The rates are (1.80 {+-} 0.08) x 10{sup -11} at 400, (2.1 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup -11} at 350 and (4.0 {+-} 0.3) x 10{sup -11} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup -1} sec{sup -1} at 260 K. The corresponding probabilities are fit by P(T) = C exp({epsilon}/kT) with {epsilon} = (778 {+-} 34) K and C = 1.1 x 10{sup -2}