Extent of regretted sexual intercourse among young teenagers in Scotland: a cross sectional survey

No abstract available

Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: final results of cluster randomised trial

<b>Objective</b>: To assess the impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers compared with conventional education in terms of conceptions and terminations registered by the NHS. Design Follow-up of cluster randomised trial 4.5 years after intervention. <b>Setting</b>: NHS records of women who had attended 25 secondary schools in east Scotland. <b>Participants</b>: 4196 women (99.5% of those eligible). <b>Intervention</b>: SHARE programme (intervention group) v existing sex education (control group). <b>Main outcome measure</b>: NHS recorded conceptions and terminations for the achieved sample linked at age 20. <b>Results</b>: In an "intention to treat" analysis there were no significant differences between the groups in registered conceptions per 1000 pupils (300 SHARE v 274 control; difference 26, 95% confidence interval –33 to 86) and terminations per 1000 pupils (127 v 112; difference 15, –13 to 42) between ages 16 and 20. <b>Conclusions</b>: This specially designed sex education programme did not reduce conceptions or terminations by age 20 compared with conventional provision. The lack of effect was not due to quality of delivery. Enhancing teacher led school sex education beyond conventional provision in eastern Scotland is unlikely to reduce terminations in teenagers

Gender inclusive practices within the primary classroom

The research project is a collaborative, action inquiry, case study that investigates the gendered and inclusive practices of a teacher, exploring gendered language and behaviour that is (or not) utilised within their teaching. The researcher and the participant teacher plan, conduct, observe, reflect and discuss the role of gender in the learning and teaching practices in a grade 3/4 classroom. By asking questions such as: ‘what is a primary teacher’s understanding of gender inclusive practices?’ and ‘how does a teacher’s awareness of gendered teaching, learning and behaviour influence their teaching approach?’ the project investigates gender as a determining factor in teacher behaviour and in children’s learning. The project was conducted in a Primary School situated in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. The participant teacher in the project is a female teacher in her 30s who has taught her entire teaching career at the researched school. The project incorporated a series of focus lessons created collaboratively by the researcher and participant teacher. The focus lessons involved previously planned activities in the teacher’s curriculum but introduced variations that utilised single-sex groupings, humour, and kinaesthetic or linguistic learning styles. Four focus lessons concentrated on reported preferred learning styles of females and a second set of four lessons concentrated on reported preferred learning styles of males. Another eight focus lessons concentrated on inclusive practices that incorporated all students’ needs and abilities into the curriculum with the intention of removing any gender bias, stereotypical behaviour, language or activity. The project recognises and utilises the importance of the role a teacher plays in influencing students’ understandings of gender through, the learning environments they create, how they interact with their students, the learning styles they incorporate into their teaching, and how they recognise cognitive differences in each child. All of these influencing factors are saturated with gender and this can be varied by decisions made by the teacher

Transforming the NHS through transforming ourselves

Abstract Background: Leadership development impacts on quality of care and workplace cultures for staff. Clinical Leadership embracing transformational and other collective leadership approaches are key enablers to developing effective workplace cultures at the micro-systems level. Following the development of a shared purpose and values framework, an internal, inter-professional clinical leadership programme was set up to grow a critical community of transformational leaders across one NHS organisation in England. This programme had previously been unsuccessful in engaging medical doctors. Aims and Objectives: This paper shares how a dedicated practice development based clinical leadership programme set out to support medical doctors across one organisation with their leadership journey, equipping them to become both transformational and collective leaders and facilitators with the skills to begin to develop and sustain effective workplace cultures, that are person centred, safe and effective. Methods: Practice development methodology with its collaborative, inclusive and participative approach for developing person centred cultures combined with clinical leadership strategies, formed the basis of the programme which emphasised the use of active and action learning drawing on the workplace as the main resource for learning, development and improvement. Self-assessment and co-creation of insights about clinical leadership together with collaborative analysis of evaluation data led to the syntheses of insights through the use of reflection and action planning. Findings/Results: Findings are presented at two levels: 1) Five individual authentic reflections by authors to illustrate their leadership journeys which also demonstrate how a range of tools were used and their impact from reflections. Insights and learning include recognition of the benefits of peer support and networking; development of a disciplined approach to learning and self-management; 2) A collaborative reflection and critique that embraced the feeling of a sense of team ethos and community cohesion, for the first time in a safe environment; as well as, a sense of collective shared purpose and values. Conclusions: We conclude that the programme helped to identify the impact of leadership on workplace cultures and to begin to embed ways of working that are collaborative, inclusive, participative and celebratory. This unique approach by one organisation to leadership development has enabled a journey of self-transformation for medical clinical leaders to commence. Practical implications arising from our learning: • An internal model grows clinical leadership capacity across the organisation through peer support and networking and collective leadership. • Investing in a safe confidential space for clinical leads and other staff groups is a strategy for leadership development practice. • There is need to develop more skilled critical companions to support leadership, improvement and development activities • Clinical leadership development, informed by practice development methodology, demonstrates potential for enabling transformative and collective leadership for achieving person-centred cultures in the workplace. Keywords: Clinical leadership, collective leadership, critical companionship, micro-systems, transformational leadership, workplace cultur

The gammaretroviral p12 protein has multiple domains that function during the early stages of replication.

BACKGROUND: The Moloney murine leukaemia virus (Mo-MLV) gag gene encodes three main structural proteins, matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid and a protein called p12. In addition to its role during the late stages of infection, p12 has an essential, but undefined, function during early post-entry events. As these stages of retroviral infection remain poorly understood, we set out to investigate the function of p12. RESULTS: Examination of the infectivity of Mo-MLV virus-like particles containing a mixture of wild type and mutant p12 revealed that the N- and C-terminal regions of p12 are sequentially acting domains, both required for p12 function, and that the N-terminal activity precedes the C-terminal activity in the viral life cycle. By creating a panel of p12 mutants in other gammaretroviruses, we showed that these domains are conserved in this retroviral genus. We also undertook a detailed mutational analysis of each domain, identifying residues essential for function. These data show that different regions of the N-terminal domain are necessary for infectivity in different gammaretroviruses, in stark contrast to the C-terminal domain where the same region is essential for all viruses. Moreover, chimeras between the p12 proteins of Mo-MLV and gibbon ape leukaemia virus revealed that the C-terminal domains are interchangeable whereas the N-terminal domains are not. Finally, we identified potential functions for each domain. We observed that particles with defects in the N-terminus of p12 were unable to abrogate restriction factors, implying that their cores were impaired. We further showed that defects in the C-terminal domain of p12 could be overcome by introducing a chromatin binding motif into the protein. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data, we propose a model for p12 function where the N-terminus of p12 interacts with, and stabilizes, the viral core, allowing the C-terminus of p12 to tether the preintegration complex to host chromatin during mitosis, facilitating integration

Scope and significance of non-uniform classification practices in breast cancer with non-inflammatory skin involvement: a clinicopathologic study and an international survey

Background: The study evaluates the scope of non-uniform classification practices concerning breast carcinomas with non-inflammatory skin involvement. Patients and methods: We compared the clinical course of patients with histologically proven non-inflammatory skin involvement: 119 (65.4%) with clinically obvious ‘classical' skin changes (Group A) and 63 (34.6%) with no or only discreet changes (Group B). A questionnaire was circulated to pathology departments in 24 countries to assess the practice concerning the placement of skin- involved breast carcinomas in the TNM classification. Results: Patients in Group B showed a significantly better disease specific survival (P = 0.0002). Eighty-six respondents (70.5%) of the survey preferred the ‘histological view' and classified tumors with only histological proven skin involvement as T4b/stage IIIB. The opposing classification principle (‘clinical view'), which dictates that T4b breast cancer is a clinical diagnosis and the classical signs must be present, was supported by 31 respondents (25.4%). Conclusions: A large number of breast cancer patients with non-inflammatory skin involvement are only histologically proven and show, compared with cases exhibiting the classical clinical signs, significant differences in clinical course and prognosis. In general, both subsets were aggregated in one T category/stage (T4b/IIIB). This results in a considerable distortion of the reported statistical dat

Earthquake-Resistant Fiber Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beams Without Diagonal Bars

Results from large-scale tests on fibre-reinforced concrete coupling beams subjected to large displacement reversals are reported. The main goal of using fibre reinforcement was to eliminate the need for diagonal bars and reduce the amount of confinement reinforcement required for adequate seismic performance. Experimental results indicate that the use of 30 mm long, 0.38 mm diameter hooked steel fibres with a 2300 MPa minimum tensile strength and in a volume fraction of 1.5% allows elimination of diagonal bars in coupling beams with span-todepth ratios greater than or equal to 2.2. Further, no special confinement reinforcement is required except at the ends of the coupling beams. The fibre-reinforced concrete coupling beam design was implemented in a high-rise building in the city of Seattle, WA, USA. A brief description of the coupling beam design used for this building, and construction process followed in the field, is provided

Effect of head size and rotation on taper corrosion in a hip simulator

Aims This study investigates head-neck taper corrosion with varying head size in a novel hip simulator instrumented to measure corrosion related electrical activity under torsional loads. Methods In all, six 28 mm and six 36 mm titanium stem-cobalt chrome head pairs with polyethylene sockets were tested in a novel instrumented hip simulator. Samples were tested using simulated gait data with incremental increasing loads to determine corrosion onset load and electrochemical activity. Half of each head size group were then cycled with simulated gait and the other half with gait compression only. Damage was measured by area and maximum linear wear depth. Results Overall, 36 mm heads had lower corrosion onset load (p = 0.009) and change in open circuit potential (OCP) during simulated gait with (p = 0.006) and without joint movement (p = 0.004). Discontinuing gait’s joint movement decreased corrosion currents (p = 0.042); however, wear testing showed no significant effect of joint movement on taper damage. In addition, 36 mm heads had greater corrosion area (p = 0.050), but no significant difference was found for maximum linear wear depth (p = 0.155). Conclusion Larger heads are more susceptible to taper corrosion; however, not due to frictional torque as hypothesized. An alternative hypothesis of taper flexural rigidity differential is proposed. Further studies are necessary to investigate the clinical significance and underlying mechanism of this finding

Spatial variation in direct and indirect contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface for informing disease management

Little is known about disease transmission relevant contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface and the factors shaping them. Indirect contact via shared resources is thought to be important but remains unquantified in most systems, making it challenging to evaluate the impact of livestock management practices on contact networks. Free-ranging wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in North America are an invasive, socially-structured species with an expanding distribution that pose a threat to livestock health given their potential to transmit numerous livestock diseases, such as pseudorabies, brucellosis, trichinellosis, and echinococcosis, among many others. Our objective in this study was to quantify the spatial variations in direct and indirect contact rates among wild pigs and cattle on a commercial cow-calf operation in Florida, USA. Using GPS data from 20 wild pigs and 11 cattle and a continuous-time movement model, we extracted three types of spatial contacts between wild pigs and cattle, including direct contact, indirect contact in the pastoral environment (unknown naturally occurring resources), and indirect contact via anthropogenic cattle resources (feed supplements and water supply troughs). We examined the effects of sex, spatial proximity, and cattle supplement availability on contact rates at the species level and characterized wild pig usage of cattle supplements. Our results suggested daily pig-cattle direct contacts occurred only occasionally, while a significant number of pig-cattle indirect contacts occurred via natural resources distributed heterogeneously across the landscape. At cattle supplements, more indirect contacts occurred at liquid molasses than water troughs or molasses-mineral block tubs due to higher visitation rates by wild pigs. Our results can be directly used for parameterizing epidemiological models to inform risk assessment and optimal control strategies for controlling transmission of shared diseases