HYDROGELS THE THREE DIMENSIONAL NETWORKS: A REVIEW

Hydrogel products constitute polymeric materials as a group, the hydrophilic structure which renders them the capability of holding large amounts of water in their 3-dimensional networks. Extensive employment of those products during a number of commercial and environmental areas of application is taken into account to be of prime importance. Needless to say, natural hydrogels were gradually replaced by synthetic types thanks to their higher water absorption capacity, long service life, and wide sorts of raw chemical resources. Literature on this subject was found to be expanding, especially within the scientific areas of research. However, variety of technical reports publications and handling hydrogel products from the points of view of engineering were examined to overview technological aspects covering this growing the field of research. the first objective of this text is to review the literature concerning classification of hydrogels on different bases, chemical characteristics and physical characteristics of those products, and technical feasibility of their best utilization. It also involved the technologies adopted for hydrogel production along-side process and design implications, optimized conditions, and the block diagrams of the preparation process. Recent forms of hydrogel material generations are also presented in some details that are innovative in nature

Sodium iodide/boron trifluoride etherate: a mild reagent system for the conversion of allylic and benzylic alcohols into corresponding iodides and sulfoxides into sulfides

A variety of allylic and benzylic alcohols have been converted into the corresponding iodides using NaI/BF3·Et2O. Selective conversion of allylic and benzylic alcohols in preference to primary saturated alcohols has also been demonstrated. Further, the same reagent system has been used to convert sulfoxides into sulfides under mild conditions

Reaction of sulfoxides with nitriles in presence of trifluoracetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid: a case of Ritter reaction on pummerer intermediate

Reaction of various sulfoxides 9̅, with nitriles 10̅ in presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid gave the corresponding amides 11̅ via a Ritter reaction on Pummerer intermediate derived from the sulfoxides

Regioselective reductions of 2,3-epoxy acetals with zinc-chlorotrimethylsilane and lithium aluminium hydride: convenient synthesis of 1,2 and 1,3-diones

A variety of 2,3-epoxy acetals have been found to undergo regioselective reductions with zinc-chlorotrimethylsilane and lithium aluminium hydride to give 2-hydroxy and 3-hydroxy acetals respectively. Their oxidation followed by hydrolysis furnished the corresponding 1,2- and 1,3-diones in good yields

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Not AvailableTo properly plan loss reduction strategies, information on the magnitude of losses is important. The up-to-date data on harvest and post harvest losses in inland fisheries from different sources are not available in Indian context. The need of such estimates has become all the more important. Hence, a pilot study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the harvest losses at various inland fishery resources in East Godavari, West Godavari and Khammam districts in Andhra Pradesh, India and Hirakud reservoir in Orissa, India. The extent of losses were found to be 2.40 % in freshwater aquaculture, 1.86 % in brackishwater aquaculture, 6.52 to 8.89 % in reservoir fisheries, 3.69 to 4.48 % at landing centres of lake, 8.56 to 13.94 %, in riverine fisheries and 6.32 % in estuarine fisheries. An effort has also been made to identify the causes for these losses, which have been discussed in detail in this paper.Not Availabl