Élaboration et propriétés des composites polypropylène recyclé/fibres de bambou

Cette étude présente des résultats obtenus sur l’élaboration de composites à base de polypropylène recyclé renforcé par des fibres végétales (fibres de bambou), fabriqués à l’aide d’une extrudeuse double vis modulaire pour produire un composite sous forme de granulés transformables. L’effet de la teneur en fibres de bambou, du compatibilisant et des méthodes de traitement chimique de la surface des fibres sur les propriétés mécaniques et rhéologiques du composite a été étudié. Nous avons montré que le traitement avec la soude enlève les impuretés et augmente la rugosité de surface des fibres, ce qui entraîne une meilleure adhésion des fibres dans la matrice polymère. Les composites fibres de bambou acétylées/polypropylène recyclé présentent de meilleures propriétés mécaniques, dues au greffage de groupes acétyles sur la surface des fibres et donc à l’amélioration de la compatibilité entre les fibres de bambou et la matrice polymère. Les propriétés rhéologiques des composites à différents taux de fibres de bambou et pour différentes méthodes de traitement de surface sont également analysées. Les facteurs prédominants qui influencent les propriétés des composites sont identifiés

Impact of crystallinity of poly(lactide) on helium and oxygen barrier properties

The helium and oxygen gas barrier properties of poly(lactide) were investigated as a function of stereochemistry and crystallinity degree. Poly(l-lactide) and poly(d,l-lactide) films were obtained by extrusion and thermally cold crystallized in either α′- or α-crystalline form with increasing crystallinity degree. Annealing of the films at low temperatures yielded to α′-crystals as well as the creation of a rigid amorphous fraction in the amorphous phase. Unexpectedly, the quantity of the rigid amorphous fraction was highest in poly(l-lactide) crystallized under α′-form. Unexpectedly, the gas permeability increased with increasing quantity of α′-crystals in poly(l-lactide) and remained constant with increasing quantity of α′-crystals in poly(d,l-lactide). A gain in gas barrier properties was obtained upon crystallization at higher temperatures yielding α-crystals. The analysis of the oxygen transport parameters, in particular the diffusion and the solubility coefficient showed that the diffusion was accelerated upon crystallization, while the solubility coefficient decreased in an expected manner which led to conclude that it remained constant in the amorphous phase. The acceleration of the diffusion seems to be correlated to the occurrence of the rigid amorphous fraction, which holds larger free volume. To conclude, for optimization of poly(lactide) gas barrier properties by focussing on the decrease of the diffusion coefficient it can be suggested to work with poly(d,l-lactide) and to aim a crystallization in α-form avoiding the formation of a rigid amorphous fraction

Impact of crystallinity of poly(lactide) on helium and oxygen barrier properties

The helium and oxygen gas barrier properties of poly(lactide) were investigated as a function of stereochemistry and crystallinity degree. Poly(l-lactide) and poly(d,l-lactide) films were obtained by extrusion and thermally cold crystallized in either α′- or α-crystalline form with increasing crystallinity degree. Annealing of the films at low temperatures yielded to α′-crystals as well as the creation of a rigid amorphous fraction in the amorphous phase. Unexpectedly, the quantity of the rigid amorphous fraction was highest in poly(l-lactide) crystallized under α′-form. Unexpectedly, the gas permeability increased with increasing quantity of α′-crystals in poly(l-lactide) and remained constant with increasing quantity of α′-crystals in poly(d,l-lactide). A gain in gas barrier properties was obtained upon crystallization at higher temperatures yielding α-crystals. The analysis of the oxygen transport parameters, in particular the diffusion and the solubility coefficient showed that the diffusion was accelerated upon crystallization, while the solubility coefficient decreased in an expected manner which led to conclude that it remained constant in the amorphous phase. The acceleration of the diffusion seems to be correlated to the occurrence of the rigid amorphous fraction, which holds larger free volume. To conclude, for optimization of poly(lactide) gas barrier properties by focussing on the decrease of the diffusion coefficient it can be suggested to work with poly(d,l-lactide) and to aim a crystallization in α-form avoiding the formation of a rigid amorphous fraction

Lateral resolution of electrostatic force microscopy for mapping of dielectric interfaces in ambient conditions

The attainable lateral resolution of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) in an ambient air environment on dielectric materials was characterized on a reference sample comprised of two distinct, immiscible glassy polymers cut in a cross-section by ultramicrotomy. Such a sample can be modeled as two semi-infinite dielectrics with a sharp interface, presenting a quasi-ideal, sharp dielectric contrast. Electric polarizability line profiles across the interface were obtained, in both lift-mode and feedback-regulated dynamic mode EFM, as a function of probe/surface separation, for different cases of oscillation amplitudes. We find that the results do not match predictions for dielectric samples, but comply well or are even better than predicted for conductive interfaces. A resolution down to 3 nm can be obtained by operating in feedback-regulated EFM realized by adopting constant-excitation frequency-modulation mode. This suggests resolution is ruled by the closest approach distance rather than by average separation, even with probe oscillation amplitudes as high as 10 nm. For better comparison with theoretical predictions, effective probe radii and cone aperture angles were derived from approach curves, by also taking into account the finite oscillation amplitude of the probe, by exploiting a data reduction procedure previously devised for the derivation of interatomic potentials

Modeling of the rheological properties of multinanolayer films in the presence of compatibilized interphase

heological behavior of nanolayered films of polyethylene/polyamide 6 (PE/PA6) compatibilized in situ during the coextrusion process has been studied at a temperature between the melting temperatures of PE and PA6. Thanks to the high number of interfaces, a drastic increase in dynamic moduli has been measured when increasing the interphase volume fraction in the films, and a solid-like behavior for the interphase was identified. Different models are compared to capture the complex viscosity of nanolayered films as a function of angular frequency. A model considering interphase and bulk viscosities and a single fitting parameter, namely, the thickness over which the viscosity decreases linearly from the interphase to the bulk one, captures the complex viscosity of all samples. This thickness is comparable to the PE layer thickness up to values about 1 μm before a significant bulk region has to be added to capture the behavior for thicker layers. This suggests that the melt rheology is impacted by the presence of a nanometric interphase over very large (micronic) length scales

Élaboration et propriétés des composites polypropylène recyclé/fibres de bambou

Cette étude présente des résultats obtenus sur l’élaboration de composites à base de polypropylène recyclé renforcé par des fibres végétales (fibres de bambou), fabriqués à l’aide d’une extrudeuse double vis modulaire pour produire un composite sous forme de granulés transformables. L’effet de la teneur en fibres de bambou, du compatibilisant et des méthodes de traitement chimique de la surface des fibres sur les propriétés mécaniques et rhéologiques du composite a été étudié. Nous avons montré que le traitement avec la soude enlève les impuretés et augmente la rugosité de surface des fibres, ce qui entraîne une meilleure adhésion des fibres dans la matrice polymère. Les composites fibres de bambou acétylées/polypropylène recyclé présentent de meilleures propriétés mécaniques, dues au greffage de groupes acétyles sur la surface des fibres et donc à l’amélioration de la compatibilité entre les fibres de bambou et la matrice polymère. Les propriétés rhéologiques des composites à différents taux de fibres de bambou et pour différentes méthodes de traitement de surface sont également analysées. Les facteurs prédominants qui influencent les propriétés des composites sont identifiés

Une analyse économétrique des aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs de l'entrée des jeunes dans la vie active

Rapport pour le Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Qualifications (Céreq