Antitrust and Regulation

Since the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act (1897) and the Sherman Act (1890), regulation and antitrust have operated as competing mechanisms to control competition. Regulation produced cross-subsidies and favors to special interests, but specified prices and rules of mandatory dealing. Antitrust promoted competition without favoring special interests, but couldn't formulate rules for particular industries. The deregulation movement reflected the relative competencies of antitrust and regulation. Antitrust and regulation can also be viewed as complements in which regulation and antitrust assign control of competition to courts and regulatory agencies based on their relative strengths. Antitrust also can act as a constraint on what regulators can do. This paper uses the game-theoretic framework of political bargaining and the historical record of antitrust and regulation to establish and illustrate these points.

Adding an Exported Services Component to the North Dakota Input-Output Model's Business and Personal Services Sector

The North Dakota Input-Output model has been used extensively to analyze changes in the state's economy. Within the past decade, exported services (e.g., telemarketing, data processing, reservation and financial centers) have become an important component of the North Dakota economic base. The purpose of this report is to estimate the contribution of exported services firms to the economic base (sales for final demand) of North Dakota and of regions and counties within the state, for 1998 and 1999. Exported services sales for final demand in 1999 totaled $348 million statewide, or almost 3 percent of the state's economic base. Regions 5, 2, and 7 had the largest contributions from exported services activities, which amounted to 6 percent of total sales for final demand in Region 5, 4 percent in Region 2, and 2 percent in Region 7.exported services, economic development, input-output model, International Relations/Trade,

THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA: ECONOMIC, DEMOGRAPHIC, PUBLIC SERVICE, AND FISCAL CONDITIONS - A PRESENTATION OF SELECTED INDICATORS

This report is a general reference about socioeconomic conditions and trends in North Dakota. Trends are described for selected economic, demographic, public service, and fiscal variables. The report includes information about population, income, employment, retail sales, economic base, human and financial resources, local government finance, health and safety, and housing. The data are presented and compared at the county level, at the state planning region level, and by metropolitan status. In addition, population, trade area population, taxable sales and purchases, and pull factors are presented at the municipal level. Graphic displays follow the tabular presentations of the data at the county and state planning region level. All of the data items for which county-level data were available are also illustrated for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties in the state. The rural areas of the state generally lag behind the metropolitan areas in many measures such as population, income, employment growth, and health care. However, the report illustrates that not all nonmetropolitan areas in the state are alike. Documentation of these differences gives decision makers, planners, and economic development professionals a basis on which to plan future programs/policies and makes it clear that policies and programs are likely to affect some areas of the state differently than others.North Dakota, socioeconomic trends, economic conditions, population patterns, public service availability, fiscal conditions., Public Economics,

THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING AND FARM INPUT MANUFACTURING IN THE NORTH DAKOTA ECONOMY

The purpose of this report is to estimate the economic impact of farm input manufacturing and value-added agricultural processing in the North Dakota economy. Economic impacts for these agriculturally-linked sectors are in addition to those for direct agricultural (crops and livestock) production. This analysis will provide state-level estimates of key economic indicators including levels of business activity, retail trade, personal income, secondary employment and tax revenues associated with these agriculturally-linked sectors. A survey of the 76 farm input manufacturing and 160 agricultural processing firms in North Dakota was conducted to obtain expenditure patterns. In-state outlays by these firms were allocated to sectors of the economy and divided by their respective number of employees to obtain a per employee expenditure for each economic sector. Per worker expenditures for the farm input manufacturing sector were multiplied by that sector's total employment (2,418) to estimate the industry's total expenditures. Agricultural processing per worker outlays were also multiplied by total employment (7,104) to estimate the total expenditures for this sector. Total expenditures for farm input manufacturing were estimated to be $146.8 million in 2002, and total agricultural processing expenditures were$361.9 million. These expenditures were applied to the North Dakota Input-Output Model to estimate economic impacts. The North Dakota Input-Output Model is a tool for tabulating and describing the linkages or interdependencies between various industrial groups within an economy. This model uses interdependence coefficients, or multipliers, to measure the total level of economic activity generated in each sector from an additional dollar of expenditures in a given sector. Total business activity generated from the in-state expenditures amounted to $482.2 million for the farm input manufacturing firms and$1,201.4 million for agricultural processing firms, giving a total of $1,683.6 million. Retail sales for the farm input manufacturing and agricultural processing firms were$105.2 million and $243.2 million, respectively. Total retail sales were estimated to be$348.4 million for the two agriculturally-linked sectors. Another indicator of the economic impact, personal income, was estimated to be $174.3 million for farm input manufacturing,$380.9 million for agricultural processing, with a total of $555.2 million. In addition to the 9,522 direct workers employed by these firms, another 16,272 secondary (indirect and induced) jobs were created. State revenue was enhanced by$27.4 million as the result of sales and use, personal income, and corporate income tax collections resulting from the business activity for the farm input manufacturing and agricultural processing firms.economic impact, farm input manufacturing, value-add agricultural processing, economic indicators, Agribusiness,

NORTH DAKOTA LIGNITE ENERGY INDUSTRY'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE STATE ECONOMY FOR 2001 AND PROJECTED FOR 2002

This report provides estimates of the lignite industry's contribution to the North Dakota economy, using key economic indicators such as retail trade activity, personal income, total business activity, employment, and tax revenues. The estimates are based on actual industry expenditures for 2001 and projected expenditures for 2002. This analysis contains two measures of the relative importance of the lignite energy industry in North Dakota. First, the industry's share of the state's total sales to final demand (or exports) is evaluated. Second, the business volume generated by the industry is compared to the total gross business volume for the state. Expenditures were obtained from a survey of firms involved in lignite-related activities (mining or conversion) in North Dakota. Finally, wages paid by the coal mining sector are compared to those paid by other sectors of the state economy.economic impacts, lignite (coal) mining, lignite conversion, input-output analysis, Risk and Uncertainty,

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION NORTH DAKOTA COOPERATIVES MAKE TO THE STATE ECONOMY

Cooperatives are an important form of business organization in North Dakota; 405 cooperatives were operating in the state in 2004, with most (224) related to agriculture (farm supply, agricultural processing, and grain handling). In addition, 33 utility, 66 financial, and 82 cooperatives classified as "other" were operating in the state in 2004. Cooperatives exist to enhance sale price, reduce costs, or provide a service or product for their member-owners, but they also contribute significantly to the state's economy. This report will provide estimates of the contribution North Dakota cooperatives make to the state economy measured in terms of such key economic indicators as retail trade, personal income, total business activity, employment, and tax revenue. North Dakota cooperatives' in-state direct expenditures totaled $2.0 billion in 2004. The largest expenditure category was the household sector ($802.0 million) which was comprised of payroll, patronage refunds, and stock retirement. The direct expenditures were applied to an input-output model to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic contribution resulting from cooperatives' direct expenditures was $6.1 billion in 2004, including$2.2 billion in personal income, and $1.5 billion in retail trade activity. Cooperatives provided full-time jobs for 11,162 workers with many of these jobs in rural areas, and cooperative activities supported an additional 53,676 secondary jobs throughout the state economy.cooperatives, North Dakota, economic impact, Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Estimating North Dakota's Economic Base

North Dakota’s economic base is comprised of those activities producing a product paid for by nonresidents, or products exported from the state. North Dakota’s economic base activities include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, and federal government payments for construction and to individuals. Development of the North Dakota economic base data is important because it provides the information to quantify the state’s economic growth, and it creates the final demand sectors for the North Dakota Input-Output Model. This report provides a brief description of the methodology used to estimate each individual sector and the associated data sources. Sales for final demand have been estimated for the 1958-2007 period. Personal income generated by the North Dakota Input-Output Model can be compared to Bureau of Economic Analysis values to validate the model. For the 50-year period the state’s economic base has been estimated, the absolute average difference from Bureau of Economic Analysis personal income was 7.19 percent.economic base, sales for final demand, input-output model, personal income, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Consumer/Household Economics, Financial Economics, Land Economics/Use,

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH DAKOTA LIGNITE ENERGY INDUSTRY'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE STATE ECONOMY FOR 1996 AND PROJECTED FOR 1997

Provides estimates of the lignite industry's contribution to the North Dakota economy, using key economic indicators such as retail trade activity, personal income, total business activity, employment, and tax revenues. The estimates are based on actual industry expenditures for 1996 and projected expenditures for 1997. This analysis contains two measures of the relative importance of the lignite energy industry in North Dakota: (1) the industry's share of the state's total sales to final demand (or exports) and (2) the business volume generated by the industry is compared to the total gross business volume for the state. Expenditures were obtained from a survey of firms involved in lignite-related activities (mining or conversion) in North Dakota.economic impacts, lignite (coal) mining, lignite conversion, input-output analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

NORTH DAKOTA LIGNITE ENERGY INDUSTRY'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE STATE ECONOMY

The lignite energy industry of North Dakota has become a significant force in the state's economy since the energy crisis of the 1970s. Key economic measures of the industry's contribution to the state's economy have been estimated annually since 1982. Industry expenditures peaked in 1995 at $543.8 million, excluding the early 1980s when significant plant expansion was occurring. Annual expenditures have been over$400 million since the early 1990s and were $464.9 million in 1998, the most recent year of the analysis. Lignite energy related expenditures were applied to the input- output multipliers to estimate levels of business activity. Personal income resulting from the industry was estimated at$490.5 million in 1998, with retail sales at $320.6 million for the same period. Total business activity resulting from the lignite industry amounted to over$1.4 billion in 1998. The industry has generated over $1 billion in total business activity annually from 1982-1998, except for 1987. Tax revenues resulting from the industry's activities totaled$63.4 million in 1998, and were over $50 million in all but two years from 1982-1998. The largest tax revenue source was the coal severance tax which grew from$17.5 million in 1982 to $27.7 million in 1992, and was$23.6 million in 1998. Industry-wide direct employment has declined from 6,458 to 3,078 workers between 1982 and 1998. Secondary (indirect and induced) employment has also declined during the study period, declining from 31,981 to 17,175 full time equivalent jobs. The lignite energy industry has contributed significantly to the North Dakota economy as its expenditures have resulted in higher levels of personal income, retail sales, business activity, tax revenues, and employment within the state.lignite energy, economic contribution, personal income, retail sales, tax revenue, employment, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Pricing Systems of Trainloading Country Elevator Cooperatives: A Summary

Demand and Price Analysis, Agribusiness,