Socialisation into a trade: A study of craft apprentices

It is widely known that craftsmen in British industry tend to have distinctive attitudes amounting to an ideology. It is also widely assumed that new entrants to a trade acquire these attitudes during and as a result of the period of apprenticeship. Little attempt, however, has been made to look at apprenticeship as a socialisation process or the development of attitudes in the minds of apprentices. This study is designed to make a contribution in this field. The first chapter contains a brief description of the traditional craft system in British industry, drawing on the literature of industrial relations and labour history, and serving as a background to the study. The craft system is summarised as a system by which craftsmen exercise control over the right to perform the work of their trade, the opportunity to perform the work of the trade, and the methods of performing the work of the trade. This is followed in the next chapter by a description of the attitudes of craftsmen, in the form of an ideal type, with reference to the literature of industrial sociology and industrial relations. Ten points are made under three heads: a) The nature of work: 1. A craftsman expects to be able to control his method of working, and to take pride in his work. 2. A craftsman is interested in his work and expects to get satisfaction from it. 3. A craftsman regards his work as part of the exclusive preserve of the members of his trade. b) Social and industrial relations; 4. A craftsman maintains solidarity with his fellow-tradesmen, and gives loyal support to his trade union. 5. A craftsman regards his status as distinct from and superior to that of labourers and less-skilled workers. 6. A craftsman understands and accepts the importance of management, though he may also see himself as standing on the opposite side from management. 7. A craftsman legitimates the authority of supervisors on the grounds of job-knowledge and competence. c) The future, security and change; 8. A craftsman is less concerned with job-security than with the security that comes from the transferability of skills, ('trade-security'). 9. A craftsman is resistant to change if it threatens his trade-security, but in favour of change which promotes efficiency without threatening his trade-security. 10. A craftsman rejects the idea of a promotion-ladder based on seniority within a firm, but sees promotion as appropriate if it is related to experience and technical knowledge of the trade. A summary of the findings of other research into the attitudes of school-leavers entering employment is presented in Chapter 3, to enable comparison with apprentices in this study. The findings are summarised under three heads - attitudes to work, attitudes to industrial organisation, and attitudes to the future. On all these topics the evidence about young people generally is mixed and points in different directions. But there is some reason to think that apprentices may represent a distinct group from other young people. This leads to a brief discussion of apprenticeship as a process of secondary socialisation, and to the suggestion that assumptions have been made about this process without research or enquiry being carried out. This provides reason for the following survey. The second part of the thesis consists of a presentation of the results of a survey of three groups of apprentices. Selected apprentices in three industries were interviewed in training centres during the first few months of apprenticeship, before they commenced work in the industry, and again a year later after experience of work with tradesmen. The methodology of the survey is discussed briefly, under the headings of meanings, rapport, attitudes, and quantification. The results of the interviews are presented in the next three chapters. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

REACTIVITY OF CHLOROPHYLL a/b-PROTEINS AND MICELLAR TRITON X-100 COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS a OR b WITH BOROHYDRIDE

The reaction of several plant chlorophyll-protein complexes with NaBH4 has been studied by absorption spectroscopy. In all the complexes studied, chlorophyll b is more reactive than Chi a, due to preferential reaction of its formyl substituent at C-7. The complexes also show large variations in reactivity towards NaBH4 and the order of reactivity is: LHCI > PSII complex > LHCII > PSI > P700 (investigated as a component of PSI). Differential pools of the same type of chlorophyll have been observed in several complexes. Parallel work was undertaken on the reactivity of micellar complexes of chlorophyll a and of chlorophyll b with NaBH4 to study the effect of aggregation state on this reactivity. In these complexes, both chlorophyll a and b show large variations in reactivity in the order monomer > oligomer > polymer with chlorophyll b generally being more reactive than chlorophyll a. It is concluded that aggregation decreases the reactivity of chlorophylls towards NaBH4 in vitro, and may similarly decrease reactivity in naturally-occurring chlorophyll-protein complexes

Termination of the leprosy isolation policy in the US and Japan : Science, policy changes, and the garbage can model

BACKGROUND: In both the US and Japan, the patient isolation policy for leprosy /Hansen's disease (HD) was preserved along with the isolation facilities, long after it had been proven to be scientifically unnecessary. This delayed policy termination caused a deprivation of civil liberties of the involuntarily confined patients, the fostering of social stigmas attached to the disease, and an inefficient use of health resources. This article seeks to elucidate the political process which hindered timely policy changes congruent with scientific advances. METHODS: Examination of historical materials, supplemented by personal interviews. The role that science played in the process of policy making was scrutinized with particular reference to the Garbage Can model. RESULTS: From the vantage of history, science remained instrumental in all period in the sense that it was not the primary objective for which policy change was discussed or intended, nor was it the principal driving force for policy change. When the argument arose, scientific arguments were employed to justify the patient isolation policy. However, in the early post-WWII period, issues were foregrounded and agendas were set as the inadvertent result of administrative reforms. Subsequently, scientific developments were more or less ignored due to concern about adverse policy outcomes. Finally, in the 1980s and 1990s, scientific arguments were used instrumentally to argue against isolation and for the termination of residential care. CONCLUSION: Contrary to public expectations, health policy is not always rational and scientifically justified. In the process of policy making, the role of science can be limited and instrumental. Policy change may require the opening of policy windows, as a result of convergence of the problem, policy, and political streams, by effective exercise of leadership. Scientists and policymakers should be attentive enough to the political context of policies

Chlorophyll a/b binding (CAB) polypeptides of CP29, the internal chlorophyll a/b complex of PSII: characterization of the tomato gene encoding the 26 kDa (type 1) polypeptide, and evidence for a second CP29 polypeptide

CP29, the core chlorophyll a/b (CAB) antenna complex of Photosystem II (PSII), has two nuclearencoded polypeptides of approximately 26 and 28 kDa in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ). Cab9, the gene for the Type 1 (26 kDa) CP29 polypeptide was cloned by immunoscreening a tomato leaf cDNA library. Its identity was confirmed by sequencing tryptic peptides from the mature protein. Cab9 is a single-copy gene with five introns, the highest number found in a CAB protein. In vitro transcription-translation gave a 31 kDa precursor which was cleaved to about 26 kDa after import into isolated tomato chloroplasts. The Cab9 polypeptide has the two highly conserved regions common to all CAB polypeptides, which define the members of this extended gene family. Outside of the conserved regions, it is only slightly more closely related to other PSII CABs than to PSI CABs. Sequence analysis of tryptic peptides from the Type II (28 kDa) CP29 polypeptide showed that it is also a member of the CAB family and is very similar or identical to the CP29 polypeptide previously isolated from spinach. All members of the CAB family have absolutely conserved His, Gln and Asn residues which could ligate the Mg atoms of the chlorophylls, and a number of conserved Asp, Glu, Lys and Arg residues which could form H-bonds to the polar groups on the porphyrin rings. The two conserved regions comprise the first and third predicted trans-membrane helices and the stroma-exposed segments preceding them.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47577/1/438_2004_Article_BF00259681.pd

Teologi Dasar : Panduan Populer Untuk Memahami Kebenaran Alkitab Volume 2

Buku ini ditulis secraa sistematis dalam bahasa yang sederhana. Penulis menjelaskan doktrin-doktrin dasar yang tertulis dalam Kitab Suci secara menyeluruh. Penulis memberikan penjelasan yang gamblang dan mudah dipahami dan disertai dengan banyak ilustrasi dan contoh untuk membantu menjelaskan teks atau istilah yang belum dikenal orang kristen.381 p. ; 23 c

The basis of the premillennial faith

138 p.; 23 cm

Teologi Dasar : Panduan Populer untuk Memahami Kebenaran Alkitab Volume 1

Buku ini ditulis secraa sistematis dalam bahasa yang sederhana. Penulis menjelaskan doktrin-doktrin dasar yang tertulis dalam Kitab Suci secara menyeluruh. Penulis memberikan penjelasan yang gamblang dan mudah dipahami dan disertai dengan banyak ilustrasi dan contoh untuk membantu menjelaskan teks atau istilah yang belum dikenal orang kristen.387 p. ; 23 c