Terrestrial-type planet formation: Comparing different types of initial conditions

To study the terrestrial-type planet formation during the post oligarchic growth, the initial distributions of planetary embryos and planetesimals used in N-body simulations play an important role. Most of these studies typically use ad hoc initial distributions based on theoretical and numerical studies. We analyze the formation of planetary systems without gas giants around solar-type stars focusing on the sensitivity of the results to the particular initial distributions of planetesimals and embryos. The formation of terrestrial planets in the habitable zone (HZ) and their final water contents are topics of interest. We developed two different sets of N-body simulations from the same protoplanetary disk. The first set assumes ad hoc initial distributions for embryos and planetesimals and the second set obtains these distributions from the results of a semi-analytical model which simulates the evolution of the gaseous phase of the disk. Both sets form planets in the HZ. Ad hoc initial conditions form planets in the HZ with masses from $0.66M_{\oplus}$ to $2.27M_{\oplus}$. More realistic initial conditions obtained from a semi-analytical model, form planets with masses between $1.18M_{\oplus}$ and $2.21M_{\oplus}$. Both sets form planets in the HZ with water contents between 4.5% and 39.48% by mass. Those planets with the highest water contents respect to those with the lowest, present differences regarding the sources of water supply. We suggest that the number of planets in the HZ is not sensitive to the particular initial distribution of embryos and planetesimals and thus, the results are globally similar between both sets. However, the main differences are associated to the accretion history of the planets in the HZ. These discrepancies have a direct impact in the accretion of water-rich material and in the physical characteristics of the resulting planets.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 13 pages, 9 figure

Kidney diseases beyond nephrology: intensive care

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Kidney diseases beyond nephrology: intensive care

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Technical Note: Design of rockfall net fences and the new ETAG 027 European guideline

Abstract. The need for protection against rockfall has led to the development of different types of technological solutions that are able to both prevent blocks from detaching from rock walls and to control, intercept or deviate the blocks during movement. Of the many devices that are able to intercept and stop a block, one of the most frequently used is net fence. Many different types of full-scale tests have been carried out, with different test site geometries and procedures to study their behaviour and to certify these devices. This has led to a series of data and information that are not easy to compare. The recent endorsement, by the European Organization for Technical Approvals (EOTA), of a European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG), which defines how to test and assess the performance of a net fence, is therefore a great innovation that will change both the market and the design procedures of these devices. The most important innovations introduced by this new guideline are here presented and discussed and a net fence design procedure for protection against rockfall is provided

Permissive hypofiltration

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome with a multitude of causes and is associated with high mortality and a permanent loss of renal function. Our current understanding of the most common causes of AKI is limited, and thus a silver bullet therapy remains elusive. A change in the approach to AKI that shifts away from the primary composite endpoint of death/dialysis, and instead focuses on improving survival and mitigating permanent renal damage, is likely to be more fruitful. We suggest that the current approach of augmenting renal function by increasing the renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate during AKI may actually worsen outcomes. Analogous to the approach towards adult respiratory distress syndrome that limits ventilator-induced lung injury, we propose the concept of permissive hypofiltration. The primary goals of this approach are: resting the kidney by providing early renal replacement therapy, avoiding the potentially injurious adverse events that occur during AKI (for example, fluid overload, hypophosphatemia, hypothermia, and so forth), and initiating therapies focused on improving survival and mitigating permanent loss of kidney function. © 2012 BioMed Central Ltd

design of reinforced ground embankments used for rockfall protection

Abstract. The prediction of the effects of rockfall on passive protection structures, such as reinforced ground embankments, is a very complex task and, for this reason, both full-scale tests and numerical dynamic modelling are essential. A systematic set of numerical FEM models, developed in the dynamic field, has been implemented in this work to evaluate the conditions of an embankment that has been subjected to the impact of rock blocks of various sizes at different speeds. These analyses have permitted design charts to be obtained. Furthermore, a simplified analytical approach, based on an equilibrium analysis, has been proposed and its results are compared with numerical data in order to assess its feasibility. A good correspondence between the results has been obtained

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as biomarker of acute kidney injury: a review of the laboratory characteristics and clinical evidences

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious condition, currently diagnosed by functional biomarkers, such as serum creatinine measurements. Unfortunately, creatinine increase is a delayed and unreliable indicator of AKI. The lack of early biomarkers of structural kidney injury has hampered our ability to translate promising experimental therapies to human AKI. The recent discovery, translation and validation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), possibly the most promising novel AKI biomarker, is reviewed here. NGAL may be measured by several methods both in plasma and urine for the early diagnosis of AKI and for the prediction of clinical outcomes, such as dialysis requirement and mortality, in several common clinical scenarios, including in the intensive care unit, cardiac surgery and renal damage due the exposition to toxic agent and drugs, and renal transplantation. Furthermore, the predictive properties of NGAL, may play a critical role in expediting the drug development process. A systematic review of literature data indicates that further studies are necessary to establish accurate reference population values according to age, gender and ethnicity, as well as reliable and specific decisional values concerning the more common clinical settings related to AKI. Furthermore, proper randomized clinical trials on renal and systemic outcomes comparing the use of NGAL vs. standard clinical practice are still lacking and accurate cost-benefit and/or cost-utility analyses for NGAL as biomarker of AKI are also needed. However, it is important to note that NGAL, in the absence of diagnostic increases in serum creatinine, is able to detect some patients affected by subclinical AKI who have an increased risk of adverse outcomes. These results also suggest that the concept and definition of AKI might need to be reassessed.</jats:p

Rationale for Medium Cutoff Membranes in COVID-19 Patients Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy

The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spotlighted the vulnerability of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) to the viral infection. Social distancing is the most effective preventive measure to reduce the risk of infection. Nonetheless, the necessity to frequently reach the dialysis center and the inherent social gathering both impede social distancing and also self-quarantine for infected individuals. A baseline hyperinflammatory state driven by factors such as the retention of uremic toxins afflicts these patients. Concomitantly, a condition of relative immunosuppression is also attributed to similar factors. The use of high-flux (HF) dialyzers for HD is the standard of care. However, with HF membranes, the removal of large middle molecules is scant. Medium cutoff (MCO) dialyzers are a new class of membranes that allow substantial removal of large middle molecules with negligible albumin losses. Recent trials confirmed long-term safety and long-term sustained reduction in the concentration of large uremic toxins with MCO dialyzers. Herein, we discuss the rationale for applying MCO membranes in COVID-19 patients and its possible immunoadjuvant effects that could mitigate the burden of COVID-19 infection in dialysis patients. We also discuss the direct cytopathic effect of the virus on renal tissue and extracorporeal blood purification techniques that can prevent kidney damage or reduce acute kidney injury progression

Extracorporeal Blood Purification Therapies for Sepsis.

Extracorporeal blood purification is proposed as an adjuvant therapy for sepsis, aiming at controlling the associated dysregulation of the immune system, which is known to induce organ dysfunctions. Different therapies have been developed to address certain steps of the immune dysregulation. Most of the available blood purification devices focus on a single target, such as the endotoxin that triggers the immune cascade, or the cytokine storm that causes organ damages. However, the highly adsorptive membrane named oXiris® is a unique 4-in-1 device that combines cytokine and endotoxin removal properties, renal replacement function, and antithrombogenic properties. More recently, promising treatments that focus on the pathogen itself or the immune cells have been developed and are currently under investigation. In this review, we aim to summarize, according to their target, the different extracorporeal blood purification techniques that are already available for use. We will also briefly introduce the most recent techniques that are still under development. Because of its unique ability to remove both endotoxins and cytokines, we will particularly discuss the highly adsorptive preheparinized oXiris® membrane. We will present its properties, advantages, pitfalls, as well as therapeutic perspectives based on experimental and clinical data. Video Journal Club "Cappuccino with Claudio Ronco" at https://www.karger.com/Journal/ArticleNews/223997?sponsor=5

Chemical composition of Earth-like planets

Models of planet formation are mainly focused on the accretion and dynamical processes of the planets, neglecting their chemical composition. In this work, we calculate the condensation sequence of the different chemical elements for a low-mass protoplanetary disk around a solar-type star. We incorporate this sequence of chemical elements (refractory and volatile elements) in our semi-analytical model of planet formation which calculates the formation of a planetary system during its gaseous phase. The results of the semi-analytical model (final distributions of embryos and planetesimals) are used as initial conditions to develope N-body simulations that compute the post-oligarchic formation of terrestrial-type planets. The results of our simulations show that the chemical composition of the planets that remain in the habitable zone has similar characteristics to the chemical composition of the Earth. However, exist differences that can be associated to the dynamical environment in which they were formed.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures - Accepted for publication in the Bolet\'in de la Asociaci\'on Argentina de Astronom\'ia, vol.5