The parental care behaviour of Paratilapia polleni (Perciformes, Labroidei), a phylogenetically primitive cichlid from Madagascar, with a discussion of the evolution of maternal care in the family Cichlidae

The parental behaviour of the Madagascan cichlid, Paratilapia polleni , was studied in the laboratory. According to current hypotheses of phylogenetic intrarelationship for the family Cichlidae, Paratilapia is a representative of a phylogenetically primitive cichlid lineage, and as such is of particular interest in comparative evolutionary studies. Given the basal phylogenetic placement of Paratilapia it seems reasonable to expect that, if maternal participation in brood care arose within the extant Cichlidae, then the proposed plesiomorphic system of extensive male care of eggs and embryos may be retained in this taxon. This is not the case, and already by the fertilized-egg interval male and female roles in Paratilapia are strongly differentiated with the female as the primary care giver. In addition to specialized behavioural roles, a unique egg morphology and mobile egg mass is described for Paratilapia . The results of the study are discussed in the context of theories of the evolution of maternal brood care within the Cichlidae.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42636/1/10641_2004_Article_BF00004768.pd

Responsibility of Organized Armed Groups Controlling Territory: Attributing Conduct to ISIS

In stark contrast to the situation for states, international organizations and individuals, there is no coherent international legal framework governing the responsibility of non-state organized armed groups that are parties to armed conflicts. The present chapter explores the possibility of developing such a framework for international law by focusing first on formulating a set of rules on attribution of conduct; and, second, using the Islamic State (IS) as a case study, to explore how some core rules of attribution could be applied to a specific type of organized armed group, namely those that—at least during a certain period of their existence—exercise territorial control

Responsibility of Organized Armed Groups Controlling Territory: Attributing Conduct to ISIS

In stark contrast to the situation for states, international organizations and individuals, there is no coherent international legal framework governing the responsibility of non-state organized armed groups that are parties to armed conflicts. The present chapter explores the possibility of developing such a framework for international law by focusing first on formulating a set of rules on attribution of conduct; and, second, using the Islamic State (IS) as a case study, to explore how some core rules of attribution could be applied to a specific type of organized armed group, namely those that—at least during a certain period of their existence—exercise territorial control

Framing gender identity registration amidst national and international developments: Introduction to ‘Bodies, identities, and gender regimes: Human rights and legal aspects of gender identity registration’

Introduction to ‘Bodies, identities, and gender regimes: Human rights and legal aspects of gender identity registration