Jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) diets in Quintana Roo, Mexico

A study was carried out for two years in Northwest Quintana Roo, México, using scat analysis to determine the diet and prey preferences of pumas and jaguars. Cat species and gender were determined using molecular techniques (rapid classificatory protocol: polymerise chain reaction, RCP–PCR), and prey abundance was estimated from camera trapping. The scats contained remains from 16 wild mammal species, but there was no evidence of livestock or other taxa. The diet breadths of jaguar (0.32) and puma (0.29) indicated a high degree of prey specialization, which combined with their dietary overlap (Pianka index 0.77) suggested competition between them. However, both felids showed a preference for red brocket deer Mazama temama, and frequently consumed collared peccaries Pecari tajacu. The importance of such large ungulates in the felids' diets is similar to the expected patterns of wild meat consumption in rural areas of the Northern Yucatan Peninsula. Therefore, future conservation management plan initiatives should involve local rural communities in the management of sustainable hunting, considering these ungulates are also the felid prey species. Resumen La dieta del jaguar (Panthera onca) y del puma (Puma concolor) en Quintana Roo, en México. El estudio se realizó durante dos años en el noroeste de Quintana Roo, en México y se utilizó el análisis de excrementos para determinar la dieta y las preferencias de presas del puma y del jaguar. Se utilizaron técnicas moleculares para identificar la especie de félido y el sexo (protocolo de clasificación rápida: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, RCP–PCR), y se estimó la abundancia de presas mediante el método de trampeo fotográfico. Los excrementos contenían restos de 16 especies de mamíferos salvajes, pero no se encontraron restos de ganado ni de otros taxones. La amplitud de la dieta del jaguar (0,32) y del puma (0,29) indica que son especies con un alto grado de especialización, lo cual, junto con el traslape de las dietas (índice de Pianka = 0,77) sugiere que ambos félidos compiten entre sí. Asimismo, ambos mostraron preferencia por el venado temazate, Mazama temama, y frecuentemente consumieron pecarí de collar, Pecari tajacu. La importancia de la presencia de este tipo de ungulados en la dieta de los félidos se corresponde con la pauta esperada de consumo de carne de caza en las zonas rurales del norte de la península de Yucatán. Por lo tanto, las futuras iniciativas encaminadas a planificar la conservación de ambos félidos deberían hacer partícipes a las comunidades rurales en la gestión de la cacería sustentable, considerando que estos ungulados también son presas de los félidos

Evaluación de sustentabilidad de agroecosistemas cafetaleros en Vitoc, Junín, Perú

El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas cafetaleros conducidos por los agricultores familiares del distrito de Vitoc, Región Junín. Se eligieron seis localidades del distrito y dentro de cada localidad, en forma proporcional, las propiedades de los agricultores familiares. Se evaluaron las dimensiones económicas (rentabilidad, ingreso neto mensual y riesgo económico), ambiental (conservación de la vida del suelo, riego de erosión y manejo de biodiversidad) y social (satisfacción de las necesidades básicas, integración social y conciencia ecológica) y el Índice de Sustentabilidad General. Asimismo, para considerar que el agroecosistema es sustentable, se consideró que el indicador debe ser mayor a 2 en todas las dimensiones y en el índice general. Los resultados muestran que los indicadores obtenidos para las dimensiones económica, ambiental, social y el índice general son favorables y orientan hacia una agricultura sustentable. Sin embargo, presenta problemas con la diversificación de los cultivos para la venta, protección del suelo y la cobertura sanitaria, las que pueden ser considerados como una debilidad del agroecosistema. Se concluye que, para las condiciones del estudio, los agroecosistemas cafetaleros conducidos por los agricultores familiares son sustentables

Complete In Vitro Life Cycle of Trypanosoma congolense: Development of Genetic Tools

Trypanosoma congolense is a parasite responsible for severe disease of African livestock. Its life cycle is complex and divided into two phases, one in the tsetse fly vector and one in the bloodstream of the mammalian host. Molecular tools for gene function analyses in parasitic organisms are essential. Previous studies described the possibility of completing the entire T. congolense life cycle in vitro. However, the model showed major flaws including the absence of stable long-term culture of the infectious bloodstream forms, a laborious time-consuming period to perform the cycle and a lack of genetic tools. We therefore aimed to develop a standardized model convenient for genetic engineering. We succeeded in producing long-term cultures of all the developmental stages on long-term, to define all the differentiation steps and to finally complete the whole cycle in vitro. This improved model offers the opportunity to conduct phenotype analyses of genetically modified strains throughout the in vitro cycle and also during experimental infections

Genetic variability and structure of jaguar (Panthera onca) in Mexican zoos

ArtículoGenealogical records of animals (studbook) are created to avoid reproduction between closely related individuals, which could cause inbreeding, particularly for such endangered species as the Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758). Jaguar is the largest felid in the Americas and is considered an important ecological key species. In Mexico, wild jaguar populations have been significantly reduced in recent decades, and population decline typically accompany decreases in genetic variation. There is no current census of captive jaguars in Mexico, and zoos do not follow a standardized protocol in breeding programs based on genetic studies. Here, we emphasise the importance of maintaining an adequate level of genetic variation and propose the implementation of standardised studbooks for jaguars in Mexico, mainly to avoid inbreeding. In addition, achieving the aims of studbook registration would provide a population genetic characterisation that could serve as a basis for ex situ conservation programmes

Incidence, clinical characteristics and management of inflammatory bowel disease in Spain: large-scale epidemiological study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD—Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)—during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100, 000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31–56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

7th Drug hypersensitivity meeting: part two

No abstract availabl

The structure of a conserved telomeric region associated with variant antigen loci in the blood parasite Trypanosoma congolense

African trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne disease of humans and livestock caused by African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.). Survival in the vertebrate bloodstream depends on antigenic variation of Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs) coating the parasite surface. In T. brucei, a model for antigenic variation, monoallelic VSG expression originates from dedicated VSG expression sites (VES). Trypanosoma brucei VES have a conserved structure consisting of a telomeric VSG locus downstream of unique, repeat sequences, and an independent promoter. Additional protein-coding sequences, known as “Expression Site Associated Genes (ESAGs)”, are also often present and are implicated in diverse, bloodstream-stage functions. Trypanosoma congolense is a related veterinary pathogen, also displaying VSG-mediated antigenic variation. A T. congolense VES has not been described, making it unclear if regulation of VSG expression is conserved between species. Here, we describe a conserved telomeric region associated with VSG loci from long-read DNA sequencing of two T. congolense strains, which consists of a distal repeat, conserved noncoding elements and other genes besides the VSG; although these are not orthologous to T. brucei ESAGs. Most conserved telomeric regions are associated with accessory minichromosomes, but the same structure may also be associated with megabase chromosomes. We propose that this region represents the T. congolense VES, and through comparison with T. brucei, we discuss the parallel evolution of antigenic switching mechanisms, and unique adaptation of the T. brucei VES for developmental regulation of bloodstream-stage genes. Hence, we provide a basis for understanding antigenic switching in T. congolense and the origins of the African trypanosome VES

Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study.

OBJECTIVES: Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. RESULTS: The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241-328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188-293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. CONCLUSION: Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life