Person to Person in Norway

While still in the midst of their study abroad experiences, students at Linfield College write reflective essays. Their essays address issues of cultural similarity and difference, compare lifestyles, mores, norms, and habits between their host countries and home, and examine changes in perceptions about their host countries and the United States. In this essay, Amber Hay describes her observations during her study abroad program at Telemark University College in Bø, Norway

AE-C attitude determination and control prelaunch analysis and operations plan

A description of attitude control support being supplied by the Mission and Data Operations Directorate is presented. Included are descriptions of the computer programs being used to support the missions for attitude determination, prediction, and control. In addition, descriptions of the operating procedures which will be used to accomplish mission objectives are provided

Carbonic anhydrase-9 expression levels and prognosis in human breast cancer: association with treatment outcome

Item does not contain fulltextHere, we set out to assess CA9 expression levels by real-time quantitative RT-PCR in breast cancer tissue samples obtained from 253 patients, and correlated those with relapse-free (RFS) survival. The median follow-up time was 75 months (range 2-168 months). CA9 expression was mainly found in high-grade, steroid receptor negative cancer tissues. CA9 levels were not significantly associated with RFS (P=0.926, hazard ratio (HR)=0.99, 95% CI=0.80-1.22) in the total cohort of 253 patients. In multivariate analysis with other clinicopathological factors, CA9 (P=0.018, HR=0.77, 95% CI=0.62-0.96), the interaction of adjuvant chemotherapy with CA9 (P=0.009, HR=1.31, 95% CI=1.07-1.61) and the interaction of adjuvant endocrine therapy with CA9 (P<0.001, HR=1.41, 95% CI=1.20-1.66) all contributed significantly to the final model. These results indicate that patients with low CA9 levels benefit more from adjuvant treatment than do patients with high levels. Thus, the determination of CA9 levels could aid in the selection of patients who will not benefit from adjuvant therapy, and whose prognosis will more likely improve with other treatment modalities

En busca de un horizonte común para la Biblioteca digital de arqueología náutica (NADL). Reflexiones sobre ciencia, método, teoría y plantillas

[EN] Data sharing is a fundamental process for the advancement of both natural and social sciences. Starting from the idea that computers and the internet have drastically changed the world in the last decades, this paper advocates for the creation of a space where archaeologists from around the world can share information about maritime history and exchange data with colleagues. Following the principles of open access, we argue that raw data publication is necessary and significant for the development and democratization of the discipline. This study explains the fundamental aspects of the Nautical Archaeology Digital Library (NADL) and its efforts to standardize information collection for shipwrecks and related sites, so that scholars can create a community to disseminate both raw data and complete information in the field of maritime archaeology. To achieve this, our purpose is to facilitate the development of common-ground methodology and terminology that promotes an intelligible dialogue within the global community of nautical archaeologists. This paper addresses some considerations on terminology and systematization in scientific disciplines and discusses the theoretical and methodological issues linked to the process of making a template for recording shipwrecks. Furthermore, this article analyses some of the problems related to the standardization of description processes and the necessity to create a flexible system that accounts for data diversity. The third section discusses how science is greatly enhanced by publishing information in open access platforms.Highlights:Standardization of data allows robust comparative and inter-subjective analysis of coastal and maritime projects, shipwrecks and nautical technology.Research is strongly benefited by sharing information underlying publications and raw data generated within a project in open source platforms.Digital databases such as NADL enhance cooperative research, as well as teaching and outreach strategies.[ES] Compartir información es un proceso fundamental para el desarrollo de las ciencias naturales y sociales. Partiendo de la idea de que las computadoras e Internet han cambiado drásticamente el mundo en las últimas décadas, este trabajo aboga por la creación de un espacio en el que arqueólogos de alrededor del mundo puedan compartir información sobre historia marítima e intercambiar datos con otros colegas. Siguiendo los principios del libre acceso, sostenemos que la publicación de datos en bruto es necesaria y significativa para el desarrollo y democratización de la disciplina. Este artículo explica los fundamentos de la Biblioteca Digital de Arqueología Náutica (NADL: https://nadl.tamu.edu/) y sus esfuerzos por estandarizar el registro de la información sobre naufragios y sitios relacionados, para que los investigadores puedan crear una comunidad de divulgación, tanto de datos primarios como de información completa en el campo de la arqueología marítima. Para lograrlo, nuestro propósito es contribuir al desarrollo de una metodología y terminología común que promueva un diálogo inteligible entre la comunidad global de arqueólogos náuticos. En este artículo presentamos algunas consideraciones sobre la terminología y la sistematización en las disciplinas científicas y discutimos los problemas teóricos y metodológicos vinculados al proceso de creación de una plantilla para el registro de naufragios. Además, reflexionamos sobre algunos de los problemas relacionados con la estandarización de los procesos descriptivos y la necesidad de crear un sistema flexible que refleje la diversidad de los datos. Finalmente, discutimos cómo la ciencia se ve enormemente favorecida por la publicación de información en plataformas de libre acceso.This paper is a result of a T3 Texas A&M University grant. We want to thank the NADL community for their input. This paper is based on extensive discussions among the community. 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Both resistance- and endurance-type exercise reduce the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients

Aims/hypothesis The present study compares the impact of endurance- vs resistance-type exercise on subsequent 24 h blood glucose homeostasis in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes. Methods Fifteen individuals with IGT, 15 type 2 diabetic patients treated with exogenous insulin (INS), and 15 type 2 diabetic patients treated with oral glucose-lowering medication (OGLM) participated in a randomised crossover experiment. Participants were studied on three occasions for 3 days under strict dietary standardisation, but otherwise free-living conditions. Blood glucose homeostasis was assessed by ambulatory continuous glucose monitoring over the 24 h period following a 45 min session of resistance-type exercise (75% one repetition maximum), endurance-type exercise (50% maximum workload capacity) or no exercise at all. Results Average 24 h blood glucose concentrations were reduced from 7.4±0.2, 9.6±0.5 and 9.2±0.7 mmol/l during the control experiment to 6.9±0.2, 8.6±0.4 and 8.1±0.5 mmol/l (resistance-type exercise) and 6.8±0.2, 8.6±0.5 and 8.5±0.5 mmol/l (endurance-type exercise) over the 24 h period following a single bout of exercise in the IGT, OGLM and INS groups, respectively (p 10 mmol/l) was reduced by 35±7 and 33±11% over the 24 h period following a single session of resistanceand endurance-type exercise, respectively (p< 0.001 for both treatments). Conclusions/interpretation A single session of resistanceor endurance-type exercise substantially reduces the prevalence of hyperglycaemia during the subsequent 24 h period in individuals with IGT, and in insulin-treated and non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Both resistance- and endurance-type exercise can be integrated in exercise intervention programmes designed to improve glycaemic control. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00945165 Funding: The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, the Netherlands). © 2011 The Author(s)

The prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor in 574 node-negative breast cancer patients who did not receive adjuvant systemic therapy

The growth and metastasising capacity of solid tumours are dependent on angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor is a mediator of angiogenesis. In this study we investigated whether vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with the natural course of the disease in primary invasive breast cancer. In 574 tumours of patients with node-negative invasive breast cancer the cytosolic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were measured using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These patients did not receive adjuvant systemic therapy and were followed for a median follow-up time of 61 months (range 2–155 months) after the primary diagnosis. Correlations with well-known prognostic factors, and univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed. Vascular endothelial growth factor level was positively associated with age and tumour size (P=0.042 and P=0.029, respectively). In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor level was inversely, but weakly correlated with progesterone receptor levels (PgR) (rs=−0.090, P=0.035). A high vascular endothelial growth factor level (equal or above the median level of 0.53 ng mg−1 protein) predicted a reduced relapse-free survival and overall survival in the univariate survival rate analysis (for both P=0.005). In the multivariate analysis as well, vascular endothelial growth factor showed to be an independent predictor of poor relapse-free survival and overall survival (P=0.045 and P=0.029, respectively), in addition to age, tumour size and PgR. The results show that cytosolic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumour tissue samples are independently indicative of prognosis for patients with node-negative breast cancer who were not treated with adjuvant systemic therapy. This implies that vascular endothelial growth factor is related with the natural course of breast cancer progression

"Resurrection of clinical efficacy" after resistance to endocrine therapy in metastatic breast cancer

BACKGROUND: In a significant proportion of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients whose tumour has progressed within 6 months of endocrine therapy (de novo resistance), it is generally believed that the chance of achieving clinical benefit (CB) with further endocrine therapy is minimal. METHODS: Data was retrieved from a prospectively updated database of metastatic breast cancer. Relevant data was exported to SPSS™ software for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In oestrogen receptor (ER) positive MBC patients with assessable disease, CB was achieved in 159 (71.3%) (1(st )line) patients. When these patients were put on further endocrine therapy, the CB rates were 63.2% (on 2(nd )line), 46.1% (on 3(rd )line) and 20% (on 4(th )line) with a median duration of response (DOR) in those with CB of 22, 12, 11 and 15 months respectively. The remaining 64(28.7%) patients had de novo resistance on 1(st )line endocrine therapy. Seventeen of these patients were treated with further endocrine therapy. The CB rates were 29.4% (on 2(nd )line) and 22.2% (on 3(rd )line) with a median DOR in those with CB of 22.7 months and 14 months respectively. CONCLUSION: The chance of further endocrine response continues to decrease with each line of therapy, yet CB is still seen with reasonable duration even with a 4(th )line agent. In addition, further endocrine response, with long duration, can be seen in a significant proportion of patients who have developed de novo resistance to 1(st )line endocrine therapy. The use of further endocrine therapy should not be excluded under these circumstances

Highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4 outbreaks in Dutch poultry farms, 2014–2018 : Clinical signs and mortality

In recent years, different subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused outbreaks in several poultry types worldwide. Early detection of HPAI virus infection is crucial to reduce virus spread. Previously, the use of a mortality ratio threshold to expedite notification of suspicion in layer farms was proposed. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical signs reported in the early stages of HPAI H5N8 and H5N6 outbreaks on chicken and Pekin duck farms between 2014 and 2018 in the Netherlands and compare them with the onset of an increased mortality ratio (MR). Data on daily mortality and clinical signs from nine egg-producing chicken farms and seven Pekin duck farms infected with HPAI H5N8 (2014 and 2016) and H5N6 (2017–2018) in the Netherlands were analysed. In 12 out of 15 outbreaks for which a MR was available, MR increase preceded or coincided with the first observation of clinical signs by the farmer. In one chicken and two Pekin duck outbreaks, clinical signs were observed prior to MR increase. On all farms, veterinarians observed clinical signs of general disease. Nervous or locomotor signs were reported in all Pekin duck outbreaks, but only in two chicken outbreaks. Other clinical signs were observed less frequently in both chickens and Pekin ducks. Compared to veterinarians, farmers observed and reported clinical signs, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, less frequently. This case series suggests that a MR with a set threshold could be an objective parameter to detect HPAI infection on chicken and Pekin duck farms at an early stage. Observation of clinical signs may provide additional indication for farmers and veterinarians for notifying a clinical suspicion of HPAI infection. Further assessment and validation of a MR threshold in Pekin ducks are important as it could serve as an important tool in HPAI surveillance programs.</p