A Cure for the Plaintiff\u27s Ills?

Symposium: The 1975 Indiana Medical Malpractice Ac

Tactical and operational management of wind energy systems with storage using a probabilistic forecast of the energy resource

The storage of energy facilitates the management of renewable energy systems by reducing the mismatch between the supplied energy and the forecasted production due to forecasting errors. The storage increases the reliability of the renewable energy system and enables participation in the electricity market by committing to the sale of electricity for the following day. Nevertheless, the inclusion of the energy storage capacity requires the development of new management policies. In this paper, we propose a management strategy for a renewable energy system with storage capacity that integrates tactical and operational decisions in a single mathematical model that makes use of an updated probabilistic wind speed forecast. Management policies are obtained by solving a sequence of rolling-horizon stochastic optimization problems whose formulation is inspired by the Stochastic Approximation Average technique. The management policies are illustrated by their application to wind-farms using hydrogen as the energy storage medium

Uncertainty propagation using the full second-order approach for probabilistic fatigue crack growth life

Uncertainty propagation of fatigue crack growth life commonly aims to provide the probability distribution of the lifespan needed for probabilistic damage tolerance analysis and for structural integrity assessment. This paper presents a novel methodology for efficiently estimating the parameters of the probability distribution of fatigue lifespan considering the Pearson distribution family. First, the full second-order approach for expected value and variance prediction of probabilistic fatigue crack growth life is extended to predict higher order statistical moments of the underlying distribution. That is, the expected value (first raw moment) and the variance (second central moment) equations are complemented with the probabilistic formulations for the skewness and for the kurtosis (third and fourth central standardized moments, respectively). Then, from these moments, the Pearson distribution type is automatically determined. Finally, the parameters of the particular Pearson distribution type are estimated making the statistical moments of the constructed lifespan distribution match the first four prescribed moments predicted by the probabilistic equations. The validity of the proposed method is verified by a numerical example regarding the fatigue crack growth in a railway axle under random bending loading. It is proven that the probability density function of the lifespan is properly derived by the methodology, without knowing or assuming the output probability distribution beforehand. The methodology presented enables an efficient and an accurate quantification of the lifespan uncertainties via its probabilistic distribution. This probabilistic description of fatigue crack growth life can be subsequently used in reliability studies or in damage tolerance assessment

A probabilistic fatigue crack growth life approach to the definition of inspection intervals for railway axles

Different options that rely on fracture mechanics are currently used in engineering during the design and assessment of components. One of the most important aspects is the time taken for a crack to extend to its critical size. If this time is long enough, a design concept based on inspection intervals can be applied, as is it the case of a railway axle component. To define inspection intervals that ensure the continuous and safe operation of a damage-tolerant railway axle, a reliable estimation of its fatigue crack growth life is required. Due to the uncertainties involved in the fatigue process, inspections must be devised not only considering the uncertainties in the performance of the inspection technique, but also based on a probabilistic lifespan prediction. From this premise, this paper presents a procedure for determination of inspection intervals that uses a conservative fatigue crack growth life estimation based on the lifespan probability distribution. A practical example to illustrate the reliability-based inspection planning methodology in a railway axle under random bending loading is given. The inspection intervals are further assessed in terms of overall probability of detecting cracks in successive inspections and in terms of probability of failure, considering the probability of detection curve of the non-destructive testing technique. The procedure developed provides recommendation for the definition of inspection intervals and associated inspection techniques

New insights into Capsicum spp relatedness and the diversification process of Capsicum annuum in Spain

The successful exploitation of germplasm banks, harbouring plant genetic resources indispensable for plant breeding, will depend on our ability to characterize their genetic diversity. The Vegetable Germplasm Bank of Zaragoza (BGHZ) (Spain) holds an important Capsicum annuum collection, where most of the Spanish pepper variability is represented, as well as several accessions of other domesticated and non-domesticated Capsicum spp from all over the five continents. In the present work, a total of 51 C. annuum landraces (mainly from Spain) and 51 accessions from nine Capsicum species maintained at the BGHZ were evaluated using 39 microsatellite (SSR) markers spanning the whole genome. The 39 polymorphic markers allowed the detection of 381 alleles, with an average of 9.8 alleles per locus. A sizeable proportion of alleles (41.2%) were recorded as specific alleles and the majority of these were present at very low frequencies (rare alleles). Multivariate and model-based analyses partitioned the collection in seven clusters comprising the ten different Capsicum spp analysed: C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. pubescens, C. bacatum, C. chacoense and C. eximium. The data clearly showed the close relationships between C. chinense and C. frutescens. C. cardenasii and C. eximium were indistinguishable as a single, morphologically variable species. Moreover, C. chacoense was placed between C. baccatum and C. pubescens complexes. The C. annuum group was structured into three main clusters, mostly according to the pepper fruit shape, size and potential pungency. Results suggest that the diversification of C. annuum in Spain may occur from a rather limited gene pool, still represented by few landraces with ancestral traits. This ancient population would suffer from local selection at the distinct geographical regions of Spain, giving way to pungent and elongated fruited peppers in the South and Center, while sweet blocky and triangular types in Northern Spain

Evaluation of borage (Borago officinalis L.) genotypes for nutraceutical value based on leaves fatty acids composition

Borage (Borago officinalis L.) is a traditional vegetable grown and consumed in some Spanish regions. The objective of this study was to determine the variability and evolution of fatty acid composition in a borage germplasm collection formed by wild types, breeding lines, commercial varieties, and landraces. Fatty acids were analysed in petioles, the commonly edible part of the leaves, and the leaf blades, the by-product of the borage industry, in two growth stages: at the optimal harvest period (120 days after sowing) and at the end of the harvest period (150 days after sowing). The results showed that for each of the eight fatty acids identified, there were significant differences among the twelve borage genotypes depending on the developmental plant stage at sampling date and the part of the leaf analysed, the interaction effect also being statistically significant. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids identified were: linoleic acid (18:2 n6, LA), alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 n3, ALA), gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 n6, GLA), and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4, n-3), account for approximately 70% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Blue-flowered genotypes differ from white-flowered genotypes by their high content of ALA and SDA, which can be exploited in borage breeding programs. Petioles from young plants present higher n6 fatty acids, while older plants produce a great amount of n3 fatty acids

Synthesis of (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl- 4-methyloctanoate as a novel internal standard for capsinoid determination by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS(QTOF)

Capsinoids exhibit health-promoting properties and are therefore compounds of interest for medical and food sciences. They are minor compounds present in relatively high concentrations in only a few number of pepper cultivars. It is desirable to quantify capsinoids to provide selected cultivars with high capsinoid contents, which can then be employed as health food product. Quantifying low concentrations of capsinoids from pepper fruit requires a precise and selective analytical technique such as HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry, with development of an internal standard essential. In this work, the synthesis method of a novel compound analogue of capsinoids, the (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate, which could be a suitable internal standard for capsinoid determination by electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry is described. (±)-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl-4-methyloctanoate was stable under the analysis conditions and exerted chemical and physical properties similar to those of capsinoids. This internal standard will provide an accurate capsinoid determination by electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry, thus facilitating the pepper breeding programs, screening pepper cultivars and a better understanding of capsinoid biosynthetic pathway

Agua y suelo: claves del melón de Torres en Torres de Berrellén

A mitad del siglo XX el cultivo del melón dominaba la huerta de Torres de Berrellén (Zaragoza), que abastecía al mercado nacional con una variedad tipo tendral autóctona, de color verde oscuro, excelente calidad sensorial y un tamaño que podía alcanzar más de 10 kg. El objetivo de este trabajo es averiguar cuáles fueron las mejores condiciones para el óptimo desarrollo del melón de Torres. Se analizaron parámetros fisico-químicos de aguas de riego y suelos tanto en Torres como en otras 10 localidades del nordeste peninsular, comparando el contenido de sólidos solubles y el resultado de una cata de melones de Torres cultivados en 5 de estas otras poblaciones. Adicionalmente se realizó un ensayo en macetones con 2 suelos-tipo de Torres y se cartografió su huerta en base al contenido en arcillas de los suelos. Los resultados muestran que cierto contenido en cloruro sódico del agua de riego puede ser clave en la calidad sensorial mientras que el alto contenido en arcillas es clave en su gran tamaño. La cartografía del contenido en arcilla identifica claramente la zona señalada por los más ancianos del pueblo como la mejor para el óptimo cultivo del melón de Torres de Berrellén. En conclusión, la particular combinación fisicoquímica de aguas de riego y suelos jugó un factor determinante para el desarrollo del melón de Torres de Berrellén en la localidad, lo que no limita que con las posibilidades técnicas que existen hoy en día pueda cultivarse con éxito en otras poblaciones

CarrotDiverse : understanding variation in a wild relative of carrot

Genebanks and other ex situ collections have a significant role in the conservation, management and use of crop genetic diversity, including that of crop wild relatives. Efficient management and use depends on insight into the patterning and distribution of genetic diversity as well as obtaining baseline information on phenotypic characters and traits. Wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) is the closest wild relative of cultivated carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.), and is a potential source of useful traits for crop improvement. There are over 900 accessions of D. carota described as wild in European genebanks, however associated phenotypic and genotypic characterization data are sparse. The influence of environment on phenotype is also not well understood in this taxon, meaning that it is difficult to ascertain how data collected at different locations can be compiled and collated. We present initial results of CarrotDiverse, a collaborative project in which wild D. carota accessions are undergoing detailed phenotypic and morphological characterization in parallel at three sites of varying latitude across Europe located in Portugal, France and Sweden. This will allow us to understand which traits are affected by environmental variables. Basic phenotypic information is being collected on a further 150 accessions. Furthermore, resistance screening to Alternaria species and polyacetylene profiling will be included in the evaluation. A Genotyping by Sequencing approach will be used to generate knowledge about genetic background and trait associations. The project will result in a significant data set which will facilitate the use of crop wild relatives in carrot breeding and improvement

Towards a fairer trading system for micro and small businesses post-Brexit? Comparative aspects with other common law systems

This chapter explores the position that the English legislature and courts would have on the issue of imposing unfair contract terms on Micro and Small Businesses (MSBs) in the post-Brexit era. The chapter looks into the extent that current applicable law and developments in English contract law offer protections for contractual trading with MSBs. In the presence of current legal gaps with regards to such protections that often lead to abuse by larger corporations there might be some solutions available in the current law to deal with the invalidation of unfair contract terms in Business to Business (B2B) transactions involving MSBs, however these still do not deal with the issue in its entirety and are also met with limitations. Given the uncertain developments on this matter after Brexit the chapter considers a brief comparative analysis with other common law jurisdictions on the issue as they might influence possible future reforms. The comparative analysis consists of examining the protections available on imposing unfair contract terms on small businesses in the Australian and the US legal systems. This chapter thereby analyses what possible solutions can be raised in dealing with this pressing issue after Brexit by considering these comparative results