Resistance to apramycin of Salmonella and E.coli isolated from swine

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of aminoglycosides antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. and E. coli strains. 32 E. coli, and 47 Salmonella spp., isolated from cases of enteritis in growers and fatteners from 1998 to 2002 in Umbria and Marche regions, were tested. Susceptibility to gentamicin, tobramycin and streptomycin was determined by Kirby-Bauer method, apramycin by microdilution method. 92,4 % of the strains tested were susceptible to apramycin, 77,2 % to gentamicin, 67,1 % to tobramycin and 35,4 % to streptomycin. A positive statistical association between gentamicin and apramycin (RR = 7,63; p = 0,014), tobramycin and apramycin (RR = 9,22; p = 0,027) was demonstrated. There is no difference between the association apramycin-streptomycin, suggesting a mechanism of resistance related to the presence of the aminoglycoside acetyltranspherase IV enzyme. The trend based on estimated OR from the resistance of the strains for every year considered was significant (p = 0,00049), showing a progressive decrease from 1998 (OR = 1) to 2002 (OR = 0,3)

The evolutionary history of the brazilian environmental legal tutelage in the period called “Environmental Laissez-Faire”

O Direito Ambiental brasileiro foi estruturado, ao longo dos anos, principalmente via legislativa (Leis; Decretos-lei; Decretos; Cartas régias, Regimentos...) para regrar a conduta do cidadão em relação ao meio ambiente que, por necessidade buscou sua sobrevivência na fruição dos bens estocados no ambiente. As leis ambientais encontram-se dispersas no sistema jurídico, fruto de um critério definido em sua formulação. Na verdade os princípios é que exercem a função de organização das regras existentes e, com isso, possibilitam soluções harmônicas em todo o ordenamento. A metodologia do trabalho foi fundamentada em revisão bibliográfica, através do método descritivo exploratório. O objetivo deste trabalho é arrolar e discutir a evolução pertinente a legislação de proteção ambiental à luz das normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais a partir de 1500, ano em que se considera o descobrimento do Brasil. Devido, no entanto, a limitação de espaço caberá uma abordagem sumarizada do tema e, neste sentido serão abordados os principais documentos sobre o tema proposto que se estende do Brasil-Colônia (1500), passando pelo Império até a República (1889).Brazilian Environmental Law has been established over the years mainly through legislation (laws, executive orders, decrees, Royal Charters, regulations) to regulate the behavior towards the environment on the part of citizens who survive by making use of natural resources. Environmental laws are scattered in the legal system as a result of a definite criterion in its formulation. In fact, the principles perform the task of organizing the existing rules and, therefore, provide possible equitable solutions throughout the organization process. Our methodology was based on a literature review through an exploratory descriptive method. The aim of this study was to identify and discuss significant advances in environmental protection legislation in the light of constitutional and infra-constitutional standards from 1500 – the year when Brazil is considered to have been discovered. Despite the limited space, we took an approach to sum up the topic and to discuss the most important documents on the proposed topic from Colonial Brazil (1500) through the Empire until the Republic (1889).Asociación de Universidades Grupo Montevide

Genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis clinical isolates from pigs and humans in Italy (2003-2007)

n/

IDENTIFICATION OF E. COLI O157 IN A BOVINE MILK FARM BY MULTIPLEX REAL-TIME PCR

Law provisions about direct sell of raw bovine milk require VTEC O157 monitoring in bovine milk farms (milk and faeces). It has been showed that culture-based methods used for this scope, besides being cumbersome and time-consuming, may be also less sensitive, compared to molecular approaches. In this study, a multiplex Real-Time PCR, able to identify VTEC O157, Salmonella spp and Listeria monocytogenes, has been used to analyse milk, filter, sewage and stool samples from a milk farm, in comparison with standard OIE methods. The performances of the molecular protocol have been preliminary assessed with lyophilized samples from proficiency testing VLA, showing 100% accordance. Results from field samples indicated the absence of the pathogen in milk, and the higher sensitivity of Real-Time PCR with other matrices, suggesting its potential use for fast VTEC O157 identification

Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016

A novel mcr colistin resistance gene was identified in a strain of Salmonella enterica, monophasic variant of serovar Typhimurium (4,5,12:i:- ), isolated from a pig at slaughter in Italy in 2013, and in Escherichia coli strains collected during routine diagnostic of postweaning diarrhoea in pigs from Spain and Belgium in 2015 and 2016. Immediate implementation of mcrscreening including this novel gene variant is required for Salmonella and E. coli from humans and food-producing animals in Europe. © 2017, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). All rights reserved

Farm efficiency related to animal welfare performance and management of sheep farms in marginal areas of Central Italy: a two-stage DEA model

The development of specific actions to increase animal health and welfare is indicated as a strategy to improve the efficiency and sustainability of many livestock systems, including sheep farming. In this paper, efficiency measures are provided to confirm the hypothesis that farms that are higher-performing in terms of animal welfare and management are also more technically efficient. A two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach was adopted with the following twofold objectives: 1) to evaluate the efficiency and super-efficiency of 76 meat-producing sheep farms situated in marginal lands in central Italy, through DEA and Super-DEA (S-DEA) models; and 2) to assess the influence of animal welfare and management indicators on technical efficiency values through the application of a Tobit regression model. An overall efficiency performance varying within a range of 0.44–1 was estimated, with an average value of 0.80, implying a potential increase of 20% in terms of output production from both management and scale improvements. The ‘pure’ technical inefficiency was found to contribute three times more than scale inefficiency in determining the overall technical inefficiency. Adopting a more extensive farming system and increasing replacement rate were found to affect negatively the efficiency scores. On the other hand, having less than 5% of animals with body condition score beyond acceptable limits, presence of access control structures, well managed lambing pens, and dedicated feed stocking areas resulted in a positive influence on efficiency. Improvements in animal welfare aspects did not appear to be farm-scale-dependent.Highlights DEA and Super-DEA models were applied to assess sheep farm technical efficiency in Central Italy. An overall potential 20% increase in output production was estimated. Animal welfare factors were found to significantly affect efficiency performance

Is the Salmonella contamination of swine carcasses at slaughter related to the Salmonella load in caecum?

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the load of Salmonella spp. in caeca and the carcass contamination in an Italian slaughterhouse. The sampling scheme was designed to be representative of the pigs slaughtered in a day and to estimate a 12% prevalence of pigs highly contaminated by Salmonella spp. (HCP, cecal load ≥3log). Environmental swabs were taken before slaughter. Cecal contents and carcass swabs were collected from the same pig. Salmonella MPN were estimated according to ISO6579- 2:2012/A1 and ISO7218:2007/E. The overall Salmonella prevalence were 34.64% and 7.19% for ceca and carcasses respectively, with S. Derby and S. 4,[5],12:i:- being the prevalent serotypes. The HCP prevalence was 11.44%. 7/59 environmental swabs tested positive; when the same serotype was isolated from the environment and from carcasses, the samples were excluded from further analysis. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between Salmonella spp. loads in the cecum and contamination of the carcass of the same pig and the prevalence of HCP and the contamination of carcasses on the same day. For this purpose, the days were classified as “high prevalence days” depending on the proportion of caeca resulted positive (≥36%) and as “high load” days depending on the prevalence of HCP (≥10%). A correlation between the contamination of carcasses and the cecal Salmonella loads of the same animal was found (Spearman’s correlation coefficient: 0.2254; p-value=0.0001). No correlation was found between the contamination of carcasses and the categorization of the day of sampling as “high prevalence day”. Conversely, a correlation was found between the contamination of carcasses and the “high load” category of the sampling day (Wilcoxon test, p=0.0011). Notably, not the prevalence of pigs carrying Salmonella spp. but the prevalence of highly contaminated pigs was shown to be related to the contamination of carcasses

Advanced pharmacological therapies for neurofibromatosis type 1-related tumors

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant tumor-predisposition disorder that is caused by a heterozygous loss of function variant in the NF1 gene, which encodes a protein called neurofi-bromin. The absence of neurofibromin causes increased activity in the Rat sarcoma protein (RAS) signalling pathway, which results in an increased growth and cell proliferation. As a result, both oncological and non-oncological comorbidities contribute to a high morbidity and mortality in these patients. Optic pathways gliomas, plexiform neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) are the most fre-quent NF1-associated tumors. The treatment of these complications is often challenging, since surgery may not be feasible due to the location, size, and infiltrative nature of these tumors, and standard chemotherapy or radiotherapy are burdened by significant toxicity and risk for secondary malignancies. For these reasons, following the novel discoveries of the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to cell proliferation and tumori-genesis in NF1 patients, emerging drugs targeting specific signalling pathways (i.e. the MEK/ERK cascade), have been developed with promising results. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 positively affects performance and intestinal ecosystem in broilers during a campylobacter jejuni infection

In poultry production, probiotics have shown promise to limit campylobacteriosis at the farm level, the most commonly reported zoonosis in Europe. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces supplementation in Campylobacter jejuni challenged chickens on performance and intestinal ecosystem. A total of 156 day old male Ross 308 chicks were assigned to a basal control diet (C) or to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplemented diet (S). All the birds were orally challenged with C. jejuni on day (d) 21. Live weight and growth performance were evaluated on days 1, 21, 28 and 40. The histology of intestinal mucosa was analyzed and the gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA. Performance throughout the trial as well as villi length and crypt depth were positively influenced by yeast supplementation. A higher abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) annotated as Lactobacillus reuteri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and a lower abundance of Campylobacter in fecal samples from S compared to the C group were reported. Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii can effectively modulate the intestinal ecosystem, leading to a higher abundance of beneficial microorganisms and modifying the intestinal mucosa architecture, with a subsequent improvement of the broilers' growth performance