1,896 research outputs found
On the new economic philosophy of crisis management in the European Union
This essay attempts to go beyond presenting the bits and pieces of still ongoing crisis management in the EU. Instead it attempts at finding the ‘red thread’ behind a series of politically improvised decisions. Our fundamental research question asks whether basic economic lessons learned in the 1970s are still valid. Namely, that a crises emanating from either structural or regulatory weaknesses cannot and should not be remedied by demand management. Our second research question is the following: Can lacking internal commitment and conviction in any member state be replaced or substituted by external pressure or formalized procedures and sanctions? Under those angles we analyze the project on establishing a fiscal and banking union in the EU, as approved by the Council in December 2012
Public Debt, Economic Growth and the Real Interest Rate: A Panel VAR Approach to EU and OECD Countries
Governance Infrastructure and Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the People’s Republic of China
Matrix-free calcium in isolated chromaffin vesicles
Isolated secretory vesicles from bovine adrenal medulla contain 80 nmol of Ca2+ and 25 nmol
of Mg2+ per milligram of protein. As determined with a Ca2+-selective electrode, a further accumulation
of about 160 nmol of Ca2+/mg of protein can be attained upon addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187.
During this process protons are released from the vesicles, in exchange for Ca2+ ions, as indicated by the
decrease of the pH in the incubation medium or the release of 9-aminoacridine previously taken up by the
vesicles. Intravesicular Mg2+ is not released from the vesicles by A23 187, as determined by atomic emission
spectroscopy. In the presence of N H Q , which causes the collapse of the secretory vesicle transmembrane
proton gradient (ApH), Ca2+ uptake decreases. Under these conditions A23 187-mediated influx of Ca2+
and efflux of H+ cease at Ca2+ concentrations of about 4 pM. Below this concentration Ca2+ is even released
from the vesicles. At the Ca2+ concentration at which no net flux of ions occurs the intravesicular matrix
free Ca2+ equals the extravesicular free Ca2+. In the absence of NH4C1 we determined an intravesicular
pH of 6.2. Under these conditions the Ca2+ influx ceases around 0.15 pM. From this value and the known
pH across the vesicular membrane an intravesicular matrix free Ca2+ concentration of about 24 pM was
calculated. This is within the same order of magnitude as the concentration of free Ca2+ in the vesicles
determined in the presence of NH4C1. Calculation of the total Ca2+ present in the secretory vesicles gives
an apparent intravesicular Ca2+ concentration of 40 mM, which is a factor of lo4 higher than the free
intravesicular concentration of Ca2+. It can be concluded, therefore, that the concentration gradient of free
Ca2+ across the secretory vesicle membrane in the intact chromaffin cells is probably small, which implies
that less energy is required to accumulate and maintain Ca2+ within the vesicles than was previously
anticipated
Political Regimes and Sovereign Credit Risk in Europe, 1750-1913
This article uses a new panel data set to perform a statistical analysis of political regimes and sovereign credit risk in Europe from 1750 to 1913. Old Regime polities typically suffered from fiscal fragmentation and absolutist rule. By the start of World War I, however, many such countries had centralized institutions and limited government. Panel regressions indicate that centralized and?or limited regimes were associated with significant improvements in credit risk relative to fragmented and absolutist ones. Structural break tests also reveal close relationships between major turning points in yield series and political transformations
A Contribution to the Empirics of Convergence in Real GDP Growth: The Role of Financial Crises and Exchange-Rate Regimes
Randomised trials of 6 % tetrastarch (hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or 0.42) for severe sepsis reporting mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis.
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