Inequalities in higher education in low‐ and middle‐income countries:A scoping review of the literature

Motivation:  Higher  education  is  regarded  as  a  key  instrument  to  enhance  socioeconomic  mobility  andreduce inequalities. Recent literature reviews have examined inequalities in the higher education systemsof  high-income  countries,  but  less  is  known  about  the  situation  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries,where higher education is expanding fast.Purpose:  The  article  reviews  the  academic  literature  on  higher  education  in  low-  and  middle-incomecountries using a research framework inspired by social justice and capability approaches. It considers the financial,  socio-cultural,  human,  and  political  resource  domains  on  which  people  draw,  and  how  they relate to access, participation, and outcomes in higher education.Methods: A literature search for studies explicitly discussing in-country  inequalities  in  higher  education revealed  22  publications. Substantial  knowledge  gaps remain,  especially  regarding  the  political  (and decision-making)  side  of  inequalities;  the  ideologies  and  philosophies  underpinning  higher  education systems; and the linkages between resource domains, both micro and macro.Findings:  The  review  highlights  key  elements  for  policy-makers  and  researchers:  (1)  the  financial  lens alone  is  insufficient  to  understand  and  tackle  inequalities,  since  these  are  also  shaped  by  human  and other non-financial factors; (2) socio-cultural constructs are central in explaining unequal outcomes; and (3) inequalities develop throughout one’s life and need to be considered during, but also before and afterhigher education.  The scope  of  inequalities  is  wide, and  the literature  offers a  few ideas  for short-term fixes such as part-time and online education.Policy implications: Inclusive policy frameworks for higher education should include explicit goals related to (in)equality,  which  are  best  measured in  terms  of  the  extent  to  which  certain  actions  or  choices are feasible for all. Policies in these frameworks, we argue, should go beyond providing financial support, and also address socio-cultural and human resource constraints and challenges in retention, performance, and labour market outcomes. Finally, they should consider relevant contextual determinants of inequalities.</p

Big issues for small feet : developmental, biomechanical and clinical narratives on children's footwear

The effects of footwear on the development of children's feet has been debated for many years and recent work from the developmental and biomechanical literature has challenged long-held views about footwear and the impact on foot development. This narrative review draws upon existing studies from developmental, biomechanical and clinical literature to explore the effects of footwear on the development of the foot. The emerging findings from this support the need for progress in [children's] footwear science and advance understanding of the interaction between the foot and shoe. Ensuring clear and credible messages inform practice requires a progressive evidence base but this remains big issue in children's footwear research

Spécialisation du réticulum endoplasmique au contact de l’intestin postérieur, chez les ovocytes de

Chez Trichinella spiralis, les plus gros ovocytes présentent des contacts avec la cuticule de l’intestin postérieur et, à proximité de ces contacts, une hypertrophie du réticulum endoplasmique. Ce dispositif est décrit dans ses détails et comparé avec celui qui existe dans les cellules stichocytaires ; son rôle est discuté

Etude ultrastructurale de l’ovogenese chez

L’étude ultrastructurale de l’ovogenèse de T. spiralis permet de subdiviser la croissance ovocytaire en deux phases : une première phase marquée par une intense activité nucléolaire et le transfert de matériel vers le cytoplasme ; une seconde phase au cours de laquelle la masse cytoplasmique s’accroît et des réserves énergétiques (glycogène, lipides) apparaissent. L’ovocyte ne renferme pas de vitellus de nature protéique

How does atmospheric forcing drive the variability of the Arctic/North Atlantic exchanges?

International audienceWe investigate the variability of the exports of volume, heat, freshwater and sea-ice from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic, which is known to possibly affect the deep convection regions and thus the global thermohaline circulation. An Arctic/North Atlantic regional ocean/sea ice model with an average resolution of 25 km grid in the Arctic Ocean is used in this regard. Our reference simulation over the 1958-2001 period, forced by ERA40 atmospheric fields, is shown to represent fairly well the Arctic/North Atlantic exchanges, compared to available observations. We find that the volume transports on each sides of Greenland, through Davis Strait and Fram Strait, are strongly anticorrelated, which is possibly due to the variability of the wind stress over the Arctic. The relative influences of the different atmospheric fields (wind stress, heat and salt flux) on the exchanges variability are also examined, as we run sensitivity experiments where interannual variability of the different forcing is globally or regionally removed. We find that the interannual frequency is mainly wind driven, and we discuss the mechanisms that drive lower frequencies

How does atmospheric forcing drive the variability of the Arctic/North Atlantic exchanges?

International audienceWe investigate the variability of the exports of volume, heat, freshwater and sea-ice from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic, which is known to possibly affect the deep convection regions and thus the global thermohaline circulation. An Arctic/North Atlantic regional ocean/sea ice model with an average resolution of 25 km grid in the Arctic Ocean is used in this regard. Our reference simulation over the 1958-2001 period, forced by ERA40 atmospheric fields, is shown to represent fairly well the Arctic/North Atlantic exchanges, compared to available observations. We find that the volume transports on each sides of Greenland, through Davis Strait and Fram Strait, are strongly anticorrelated, which is possibly due to the variability of the wind stress over the Arctic. The relative influences of the different atmospheric fields (wind stress, heat and salt flux) on the exchanges variability are also examined, as we run sensitivity experiments where interannual variability of the different forcing is globally or regionally removed. We find that the interannual frequency is mainly wind driven, and we discuss the mechanisms that drive lower frequencies

How does atmospheric forcing drive the variability of the Arctic/North Atlantic exchanges?

International audienceWe investigate the variability of the exports of volume, heat, freshwater and sea-ice from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic, which is known to possibly affect the deep convection regions and thus the global thermohaline circulation. An Arctic/North Atlantic regional ocean/sea ice model with an average resolution of 25 km grid in the Arctic Ocean is used in this regard. Our reference simulation over the 1958-2001 period, forced by ERA40 atmospheric fields, is shown to represent fairly well the Arctic/North Atlantic exchanges, compared to available observations. We find that the volume transports on each sides of Greenland, through Davis Strait and Fram Strait, are strongly anticorrelated, which is possibly due to the variability of the wind stress over the Arctic. The relative influences of the different atmospheric fields (wind stress, heat and salt flux) on the exchanges variability are also examined, as we run sensitivity experiments where interannual variability of the different forcing is globally or regionally removed. We find that the interannual frequency is mainly wind driven, and we discuss the mechanisms that drive lower frequencies