Frequency- and time-domain simulations of semiconductor optical amplifiers using equivalent circuit modeling

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)We propose an equivalent circuit modeling for a chip-on-carrier and for two encapsulated semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). The models include main parasitic leaks and were used in reflection and transmission simulations, showing good agreement with experimental data. The model for each SOA is validated, comparing the simulated results with experimental data from SOAs operating as high-speed electro-optical switches, reaching rise times below 200 ps. (C) 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)We propose an equivalent circuit modeling for a chip-on-carrier and for two encapsulated semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). The models include main parasitic leaks and were used in reflection and transmission simulations, showing good agreement with5411CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)CNPq [574017/2008-9]FAPESP [2007/56024-4, 2005/51689-2]sem informação574017/2008-92007/56024-4 ; 2005/51689-2The authors thank Professor Adriano Toazza (UPF, RS/Brazil) for the software used to automate the EO transmission measurements. This work was supported in part by the Brazilian agencies CAPES and CNPq (scholarship), CNPq (under INCT-Fotonicom project, 57

Using multifractal analysis of ultra-weak photon emission from germinating wheat seedlings to differentiate between two grades of intoxication with potassium dichromate

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to test whether the multifractal properties of ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) from germinating wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum) change when the seedlings are treated with different concentrations of the toxin potassium dichromate (PD). To this end, UPE was measured (50 seedlings in one Petri dish, duration: approx. 16.6–28 h) from samples of three groups: (i) control (group C, N = 9), (ii) treated with 25 ppm of PD (group G25, N = 32), and (iii) treated with 150 ppm of PD (group G150, N = 23). For the multifractal analysis, the following steps where performed: (i) each UPE time series was trimmed to a final length of 1000 min; (ii) each UPE time series was filtered, linear detrended and normalized; (iii) the multifractal spectrum (f(α)) was calculated for every UPE time series using the backward multifractal detrended moving average (MFDMA) method; (iv) each multifractal spectrum was characterized by calculating the mode (αmode) of the spectrum and the degree of multifractality (Δα); (v) for every UPE time series its mean, skewness and kurtosis were also calculated; finally (vi) all obtained parameters where analyzed to determine their ability to differentiate between the three groups. This was based on Fisher’s discriminant ratio (FDR), which was calculated for each parameter combination. Additionally, a non-parametric test was used to test whether the parameter values are significantly different or not. The analysis showed that when comparing all the three groups, FDR had the highest values for the multifractal parameters (αmode, Δα). Furthermore, the differences in these parameters between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The classical parameters (mean, skewness and kurtosis) had lower FDR values than the multifractal parameters in all cases and showed no significant difference between the groups (except for the skewness between group C and G150). In conclusion, multifractal analysis enables changes in UPE time series to be detected even when they are hidden for normal linear signal analysis methods. The analysis of changes in the multifractal properties might be a basis to design a classification system enabling the intoxication of cell cultures to be quantified based on UPE measurements

Delayed luminescence in relation to the germination and vigour of coffee seeds: initial series with C. Arabica samples.

Ultra-weak delayed luminescence measurements on coffee seeds were run for samples submitted to different post-harvest treatments or in seed lots with different vigour levels obtained by accelerated aging, and both were induced to germinate afterwards. Parameters of hyperbolic decay fitting were correlated to the correspondent germination vigour, with a linear relation found for the initial value as well as for the decay velocity. These preliminary data point to further, broader validation for this non-invasive, non-destructive test for seed?s viability analyses

Germination vigour versus delayed luminescence of coffee seeds: preliminary series.

Nine coffee seeds samples submitted to different post-harvest treatments were tested in terms of ultra-weak delayed luminescence and induced to germinate afterwards. Hyperbolic decay function was used to quantify the time profiles and their fitting parameters were correlated to the correspondent germination vigour (total seedlings' elongation). Good linear relation was found (R2 > 0.85) for the initial value parameter as well as for the decay velocity parameter. These preliminary results point to further tests in order to validate a photonic, non-invasive, non-destructive test for coffee seed's viability analyses

Técnica de biotônica na análise de grãos de café de diferentes níveis de qualidade da bebida.

A técnica de biofoton é a emissão espontânea encontrada em seres vivos que compõem o fenômeno biofotônico e pode ser detectada em uma faixa que varia de 10-10.000 fótons/cm2.s. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada para explorar vários aspectos relacionados a sistemas biológicos, uma vez que os fótons interagem em nível atômico, molecular e fisiológico, mostrando um alto potencial para utilização na avaliação da qualidade de diversos produtos. No caso do café, é de extrema importância que a qualidade seja avaliada por meio de técnicas rápidas e objetivas, visando rapidez na tomada de decisões. Nesse sentido, o objetivo nesse trabalho foi utilizar a técnica de biofoton para a avaliação automatizada da qualidade de grãos de café

Spontaneous Light Emission In Coliforms Test Applied To Wastewater Monitoring [detecção De Emissão Espontânea De Luz Em Ensaios De Colimetria Aplicados Ao Monitoramento De Efluentes Sanitários]

The spontaneous light emission of living systems emerge as a promising methodology that applied to microbiological in monitoring water can lead to short-term analysis. The present study evaluated the potential of biophoton measurements applied to wastewater monitoring by using ultraweak light emission in coliform tests. The procedure is based on photon-counting measurements inside a dark-chamber, of wastewater samples, before and after treatment, inoculated in nutrient presence/absence medium (lactose and lauryl triptose broth). Strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922) was used in control tests by monitoring the light emission inside a dark-chamber with an acoplade photomultiplier. The data showed that microbiological monitoring can be done by photon-counting in real-time applied to microbiological wastewater monitoring using coliform test.1615562Agudo, E.G., (1988) Guia De Coleta E Preservação De Amostras De Água, p. 150. , CETESB, São PauloAneja, K.R., (2004) Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, pp. 214-218. , 3. ed. New York New Age International(1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, p. 1134. , APHA, 20 ed. American Public Health, Washington DcBeloussov, L.V., Voeikov, V.L., Martynyuk, V.S., (2007) Biophotonics and Coherent Systems in Biology, p. 306. , New York: SpringerBischof, M., Biophotons-the light in our cells (2005) Journal of Optometric Phototherapy, pp. 1-5Budagovsky, A.V., On the ability of cells to distinguish the coherence of optical radiation (2005) Quantun Eletronics, 35, pp. 369-374Carlson, R., Srienc, F., Fundamental Escherichia coli biochemical pathways for biomass and energy production: Identification of reactions (2004) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 85 (1), pp. 1-19Chang, J.J., Fisch, J., Popp, F.A., (1998) Biophotons, p. 413. , Netherlands: Kluwer Academic PublishersFels, D., Cellular communication through light (2009) PLoS ONE, 4 (4), pp. 1-8Gallep, C.M., Santos, A.M.O., Conforti, E., (2005) Low-cost, Simplified Systems For Photon-counting Measurements In Biological Samples, pp. 188-191. , International microwave and optoelectronics conference imoc, AnaisLaager, F.M., Becker, N.M., Park, S.H., Soh, K.S., Effects of lac operon activation, deletion of the yhha gene, and the removal of oxygen on the ultra-weak photon emission of Escherichai coli (2009) Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 28, pp. 240-249Lee, J.Y., Deininger, R.A., Detection of Escherichia coli in beach water within 1 hour using immunomagnetc separation and ATP bioluminescence (2004) Luminescence, pp. 31-36Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., Parker, J.B., (2003) Biology of Microorganisms, pp. 137-166. , 10. ed., Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education, Cap 6Mathew, F.P., Alagesan, D., Alocija, E.C., Chemiluminescence detection of Escherichia coli in fresh produce obtained from different sources (2004) Luminescence, 19, pp. 193-198Nikolaev, Y.A., Distant interactions in bacteria (2000) Microbiology, 69 (5), pp. 497-503Nikolaev, Y.A., Role of distant interactions in the regulation of the adhesion of pseudomonas fluorescens cells (2000) Microbiology, 69 (3), pp. 291-295Popp, F.A., Biophoton background, experimental results, theorical approach and applications (2000) Photochemistry & Photobiology, 1, pp. 31-40Poop, F.A., Klimek, W., Photon sucking as an essential principal of biological regulation (2007) Biophotonics and Coherent Systems in Biology, p. 306. , New York: SpringerRahn, O., (1935) Invisible Radiations of Organisms, p. 209. , Berlin, Verlag von Gebrüder BorntraegerRoda, A., Pasini, P., Mirasoli, M., Michelini, E., Guardigli, M., Biotechnological applications of bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence (2004) Trendds in Biotechnology, 22 (6), pp. 295-303Trushin, M.V., Studies on distant regulation of bacterial growth and light emission (2003) Microbiology, 149, pp. 363-368Trushin, M.V., Culture-to-culture physical interactions causes the alteration in red and infrared light stimulation Escherichia coli growth rate (2003) J. Microbiol. Immunol Infect, 36, pp. 149-152Trushin, M.V., The possible role of eletromagnetic fields in bacterial communication (2003) Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection, 36, pp. 153-160Trushin, M.V., Do bacterial cultures spread messages by emission of eletromagnetic radiations? (2003) Annals of Microbiology, 53, pp. 37-42Trushin, M.V., Light-mediated "conversation" among microorganisms (2004) Microbiological Research, 159, pp. 1-10Tilbury, R.N., Quickenden, T.I., The effect of cosmic-ray shielding on the ultraweak bioluminescence emitted by cultures of escherichia coli (1987) Radiation Research, 112, pp. 398-402Tilbury, R.N., Quickenden, T.I., Spectral and time dependence studies of the ultraweak bioluminescence emitted by the bacterium Escherichia coli (1988) Photochemistry and Photobiology, 47 (1), pp. 145-150Tilbury, R.N., The effect of stress factor on the spontaneous photon emission from microorganisms (1992) Experientia, 48, pp. 1030-1040Vogel, R., Guo, X., Süssmuth, R., Chemiluminescence patterns from bacterial cultures undergoing bacteriophage induced mass lysis (1998) Bioeletrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 46, pp. 59-64Vogel, R., Süssmuth, R., Interaction of bacterial cells with weak light emission from culture media (1998) Bioeletrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 45, pp. 93-101Vogel, R., Süssmuth, R., Involvement of the cell membrane in chemiluminescence patterns from bacterial cultures (1998) Bioeletrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 46, pp. 65-69Vogel, R., Süssmuth, R., A model for the generation of low level chemiluminescence from microbiological growth media and its depletion by bacterial cells (1999) Bioeletrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 48, pp. 375-382Vogel, R., Süssmuth, R., Weak light emission patterns from lactic acid bacteria (1999) Luminescence, 14, pp. 99-10

Comparison of electro-optical switching performances of dissimilar semiconductor optical amplifiers

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)The electro-optical switching performances of four semiconductor optical amplifiers are compared. Devices with distinct physical features, using different pulse formats for the current injection, were evaluated experimentally. The wide range of results might help in indicating preferable devices and pulse formats for a particular application. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1500-1503, 2015The electro‐optical switching performances of four semiconductor optical amplifiers are compared. Devices with distinct physical features, using different pulse formats for the current injection, were evaluated experimentally. The wide range of results mi57615001503CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)CNPq [574017/2008-9]FAPESP [2007/56024-4, 2005/51689-2]sem informação574017/2008-92007/56024-4 ; 2005/51689-2The authors thank to the Brazilian agencies CAPES (scholar-ship), CNPq (under INCT-Fotonicom project, 574017/2008-9),and FAPESP (under Padtec and CEPOF projects, 2007/56024-4and 2005/51689-2)

Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation growth is sensitive to lunisolar tidal acceleration and may also be weakly correlated with geomagnetic variations

BACKGROUND: Correlative evidence suggests a relationship between the lunisolar tidal acceleration and the elongation rate of arabidopsis roots grown under free-running conditions of constant low light. METHODS: Seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown in a controlled-climate chamber maintained at a constant temperature and subjected to continuous low-level illumination from fluorescent tubes, conditions that approximate to a ‘free-running’ state in which most of the abiotic factors that entrain root growth rates are excluded. Elongation of evenly spaced, vertical primary roots was recorded continuously over periods of up to 14 d using high temporal- and spatial-resolution video imaging and were analysed in conjunction with geophysical variables. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the lunisolar tidal/root elongation relationship. Also presented are relationships between the hourly elongation rates and the contemporaneous variations in geomagnetic activity, as evaluated from the disturbance storm time and ap indices. On the basis of time series of root elongation rates that extend over ≥4 d and recorded at different seasons of the year, a provisional conclusion is that root elongation responds to variation in the lunisolar force and also appears to adjust in accordance with variations in the geomagnetic field. Thus, both lunisolar tidal acceleration and the geomagnetic field should be considered as modulators of root growth rate, alongside other, stronger and more well-known abiotic environmental regulators, and perhaps unexplored factors such as air ions. Major changes in atmospheric pressure are not considered to be a factor contributing to oscillations of root elongation rate

Calibration of TLM Model for Semiconductor Optical Amplifier by Heuristic Parameters' Extraction

Abstract The systemic behavior of a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier model was optimized through extensive simulations, reaching reasonable approximation to experimental obtained from commercial devices for the optical gain versus bias current, for different optical inputs powers (-25 up to 0 dBm), and for the gain saturation profile for different I-bias (0 up to 180 mA). For that, parameters such as active region thickness, confinement factor, linear gain coefficient, and the transparency current were adjusted by the presented method. The method can be applied for different SOAs, enabling more accurate numerical predictions for black-box devices