Attributional Style for Anger-Provoking Situations in Adolescents: Race, Sex, and SES Variables.

Black Americans exhibit significantly more aggressive behaviors than do white Americans and these aggressive acts are most likely to be directed toward other blacks, frequently in response to relatively trivial matters (Bell, 1987; Curtis, 1974). Aggression most often occurs in areas of high population density, poverty, and low social status, suggesting that socioeconomic status is an important variable in aggressive behavior (Centerwall, 1984; Willie, 1983). Attribution refers to the perception or inference of causes of self or others\u27 behavior. Attributional theory, which is concerned with the consequences of attributions rather than the attributions themselves (Kelley & Michela, 1980), has been applied to the understanding of interpersonal conflict (Fincham, Beach, & Nelson, 1987; Grace, 1989) and aggressive behavior (Dodge, 1980). Research indicates (Bradbury & Fincham, 1990) that negative behaviors of others in interpersonal conflicts, generally, are viewed as being more global, selfishly motivated, blameworthy, negatively intentional, and not due to situational factors. Based upon this research, the present study examined adolescents\u27 attributional style when faced with anger-provoking situations. The study evaluated how attributional style might relate to the variables of race and socioeconomic status. It was proposed that lower SES adolescents would report a more negative attributional style and greater frequency, intensity, and acceptance of anger-provoking situations than higher SES adolescents and there would be no differences between the racial groups. Contrary to these predictions, differences were not found between SES groups on these variables. However, white adolescents reported significantly more negative global attributions than black adolescents. A race by sex interaction was found, with black females reporting significantly more negative attributions for anger than other black and white adolescents. The prediction that aggressive adolescents would have a more negative attributional style and report higher frequency, intensity, and acceptance of anger-provoking situations than their nonaggressive peers was supported. Implications for future research and applications are discussed

Energy of the Conduction Band in Near Critical Point Fluids

The study of the evolution of the conduction band in dense gases and supercritical fluids near the critical point has been complicated by a lack of precise experimental measurements. Both photoemission from an electrode immersed in the fluid and field ionization of a molecule doped into the fluid have been used to probe solvent density effects on the energy of an excess electron as a function of fluid number density and temperature. In this perspective, we present recent experimental results that show a strong critical point effect on the minimum conduction band energy near the critical density and temperature of a fluid. We also discuss the recent development of a new theoretical model that advances our understanding of the density and temperature dependence of the conduction band minimum in near critical point fluids

Anonymous shell companies: A global audit study and field experiment in 176 countries

To test whether firms behave consistently with international law prohibiting anonymous incorporation, we conducted a global audit study and field experiment, using data from 1639 incorporation firms in 176 countries. We requested anonymous incorporation and randomly assigned references to international law, threat of penalties, norms of appropriate behavior, or a placebo. We find a substantial number of firms willing to flout international standards and show that those in OECD countries proved significantly less compliant with rules than in developing countries or tax havens. Firms in tax havens displayed significantly greater compliance and were sensitive to experimental interventions invoking international law

Mass And Heat Transfer Relations In Evaporation Through Porous Membranes

This study concerns rates of evaporation and mass transfer of water vapor from a heated salt solution through a water repellent porous membrane to a cooled water condensate. This transfer is a result of temperature differences and corresponding vapor pressure differences across the membrane. Three groups of experiments were carried out which indicate that the major factor influencing the rates of transfer is diffusion through a stagnant gas in the membrane pores. However, an equation considering film heat transfer coefficients, membrane thermal conductivity, and an empirical correction based on temperature driving force appears to be necessary for representing all the data. The empirical correction appears to be related to internal condensation and possibly diffusion along surfaces. Copyright © 1969 American Institute of Chemical Engineer

Obituary: J. Knox Jones, Jr., 1929-1992

J. Knox Jones, Jr., was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, March 16, 1929, the eldest of the three sons of Virginia Bowen Jones and James Knox Jones. Knox passed away at his home in Lubbock, Texas, on November 15, 1992, after a two-year battle with cancer