LHC Ion Filling Schemes with 75ns basic Bunch Spacing

The present nominal LHC ion filling scheme is based on a minimum basic bunch spacing of 100 ns with larger gaps, which are in general non-integer multiples of this basic spacing, for injection kickers and the LHC beam dump kicker. This standard scheme comprises accumulation of up to 13 PS/LEIR batches on a long SPS low energy plateau. Alternative filling schemes with a basic spacing of 75 ns and where all longer gaps are integer multiples of the basic spacing are proposed. The initial motivation was a scheme with a shortened SPS low energy plateau, but almost the same number of bunches in LHC. This allows mitigating the consequences of partial debunching of ion bunches observed during machine experiments carried out in autumn 2007, with only a small reduction of the luminosity. In addition, a scheme with a long SPS front porch accumulating 15 PS/LEIR batches, aiming at increasing the average LHC luminosity, is proposed as well

ACTIVE LONGITUDINAL PAINTING FOR THE H-CHARGE EXCHANGE INJECTION OF THE LINAC4 BEAM INTO THE PS BOOSTER

Linac4 will provide 160 MeV H- to the PS Booster synchrotron. The H-beam will be injected by charge exchange injection allowing injecting several times into the same volumes of phase space. Thus, a large number of turns can be injected with high efficiencies and âﾜpaintingâ in order to shape the initial particle distribution for optimum performance becomes possible. In particular, a chopper makes longitudinal painting possible in addition to painting in transverse phase spaces. The slow synchrotron motion in the PS Booster implies an active longitudinal painting scheme, where the Linac4 output energy is modulated. Several active longitudinal painting schemes are presented. One scheme, based on a triangular Linac energy modulation, is proposed for the PS Booster H- injection with Linac4

The LHC as a Proton-Nucleus Collider

Following its initial operation as a proton-proton (p-p) and heavy-ion (208Pb82+-208Pb82+) collider, the LHC is expected to operate as a p-Pb collider. Later it may collide protons with other lighter nuclei such as 40Ar18+ or 16O8+. We show how the existing proton and lead-ion injector chains may be efficiently operated in tandem to provide these hybrid collisions. The two-in-one magnet design of the LHC main rings imposes different revolution frequencies for the two beams in part of the magnetic cycle. We discuss and evaluate the consequences for beam dynamics and estimate the potential performance of the LHC as a proton-nucleus collider

Tuning Monte Carlo Generators: The Perugia Tunes

We present 9 new tunes of the pT-ordered shower and underlying-event model in PYTHIA 6.4. These "Perugia" tunes update and supersede the older "S0" family. The data sets used to constrain the models include hadronic Z0 decays at LEP, Tevatron minimum-bias data at 630, 1800, and 1960 GeV, Tevatron Drell-Yan data at 1800 and 1960 GeV, and SPS min-bias data at 200, 546, and 900 GeV. In addition to the central parameter set, called "Perugia 0", we introduce a set of 8 related "Perugia Variations" that attempt to systematically explore soft, hard, parton density, and colour structure variations in the theoretical parameters. Based on these variations, a best-guess prediction of the charged track multiplicity in inelastic, nondiffractive minimum-bias events at the LHC is made. Note that these tunes can only be used with PYTHIA 6, not with PYTHIA 8. Note: this report was updated in March 2011 with a new set of variations, collectively labeled "Perugia 2011", that are optimized for matching applications and which also take into account some lessons from the early LHC data. In order not to break the original text, these are described separately in Appendix B. Note 2: a subsequent "Perugia 2012" update is described in Appendix C.Comment: 46 page

Systematic error studies for the charged particle EDM measurement proposal

Proposals aimed at measuring the Electric Dipole Moment (EDM) for charged particles require a good understanding of the systematic errors that can contribute to a vertical spin buildup mimicking the EDM signal to be detected. In what follows, a method of averaging emanating from the Bogoliubov-Krylov Mitropolski method is employed to solve the T-BMT equation and calculate the Berry phases arising for the storage ring frozen spin concept. The formalism employed proved to be particularly useful to determine the evolution of the spin at the observation point, i.e. at the location of the polarimeter. Several selected cases of lattice imperfections were simulated and benchmarked with the analytical estimates. This allowed the proof of the convergence of the numerical simulations and helped gain better understanding of the systematic errors

RF Scenarios for Pb54+ Ions in the PS2

This note analyses some of the rf scenarios that are presently being considered for lead ions in the PS2. An earlier note principally concerning protons [1] highlighted the problem of the large revolution frequency swing of ions in the PS2 and the issue of bunching factor with direct injection from the LEIR machine. We present solutions based on additional rf systems in LEIR and consider the 40 MHz principal rf system proposed for the PS2 in the earlier work to have switchable tuning ranges to cover the large frequency swing required

An RF scenario for protons and ions in the PS2

The PS2 is proposed as a replacement for the ageing PS and will provide proton beams with kinetic energies up to 50 GeV. It must also deliver Pb54+ ions, for which the revolution frequency swing will be more than a factor of two. The favoured rf scenario considers a 40 MHz accelerating system and is motivated by the possibility of chopping at up to 40 MHz in the LPSPL, the proposed proton injector. Using the same principal rf system for ions implies pushing for an unprecedented tuning range and the introduction of a new rf system in LEIR, the existing ion source. We present a solution to the disparate requirements of protons and ions based on a 40 MHz rf system with switchable tuning ranges to cover the large frequency swing required