Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Caracterización de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en el sector productivo de la región fronteriza colombo venezolana. Volumen 2

En este libro en su segundo volumen, se presenta la recopilación de proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica como resultado del desarrollo de actividades investigativas, en las cuales se involucran grupos de investigación y semilleros, instructores investigadores, docentes universitarios, administrativos, aprendices, estudiantes universitarios y empresarios del ámbito regional, nacional e internacional, quienes motivados por su espíritu emprendedor e innovador le apostaron a involucrarse en proyectos desde las áreas de automatización, electrónica y telecomunicaciones, gestión del hábitat, Diseño e implementación de soluciones en TIC, Gestión del negocio emprendimiento y empresarismo, Innovación educativa y Diseño de vestuario.In this book in its second volume, the compilation of Research and Technological Innovation projects is presented as a result of the development of research activities, in which research groups and seedbeds, research instructors, university teachers, administrators, apprentices, university students are involved. and regional, national and international entrepreneurs, who, motivated by his entrepreneurial and innovative spirit, bet him to get involved in projects from the areas of automation, electronics and telecommunications, habitat management, Design and implementation of ICT solutions, Entrepreneurship business management and entrepreneurship, educational innovation and costume design.Desarrollo de un sistema de información para los laboratorios de servicios tecnológicos basado en normatividad ISO/IEC 7025:2017 -- Implementación de tecnologías de realidad aumentada para mejorar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de las operaciones logísticas de almacenamiento -- Automatización de un sistema hidropónico para la optimización de la producción de hortalizas de hoja -- Desarrollo y control de posicionamiento de un seguidor solar por seguimiento de carta solar y por maximo punto de radiación solar por lógica difusa -- Diseño de un sistema de control cinemático con open-hardware del manipulador didáctico pegasus amatrol -- Diseño de un sistema fotovoltaico híbrido grid-tied con respaldo de baterías para iluminación -- Implementación de un banco para la detección de fallas en motores trifásicos con inteligencia artificial -- Oilmaster dispositivo de detección de fallo en el sistema de lubricación en motocicletas -- Regulador de carga para picocentral hidroeléctrica -- Diseño de un sistema de percepción del impacto de choques mecánicos y golpes en el cerebro -- Crema humectante antiedad con principios activos naturales y subproductos del coee “silverskin” en sena, antioquia -- Formulación de barra de cereal partir de los subproductos del café, cacao, y sacha inchi -- Videojuego en realidad virtual como estrategia de formación para organización de eventos -- Fortalecimiento de las industrias culturales de dulces típicos en montería - departamento de córdobana199 página

Käytännön kosteikkosuunnittelu

Maatalouden vesiensuojelua edistetään monin tavoin. Ravinteita ja eroosioainesta sisältäviä valumavesiä pyritään puhdistamaan erilaisissa kosteikoissa. Tämä opas on kirjoitettu avuksi pienimuotoisten kosteikkojen perustamiseen. Oppaassa esitetään käytännönläheisesti kosteikon toteuttamisen eri vaiheet paikan valinnasta suunnitteluun ja rakentamiseen. Vuonna 2010 julkaistun painoksen tiedot on saatettu ajantasalle. Julkaisu on toteutettu osana Tehoa maatalouden vesiensuojeluun (TEHO) -hanketta ja päivitetty TEHO Plus -hankkeen toimesta. Oppaan toivotaan lisäävän kiinnostusta kosteikkojen suunnitteluun ja edelleen niiden rakentamiseen