The Effect of Compactness on Laser Cutting of Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Continuous Fiber Laser

Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) are growing in popularity for many applications. Much research has been focusing on battery performance improvement. However, few studies have overcome the disadvantages of the conventional LIB manufacturing processes. Laser cutting of electrodes has been applied. However, the effect of electrodes’ chemical, physical, and geometrical characteristics on the laser cutting has not been considered. This study proposes the effect of compression of cathode on laser cutting for lithium-ion batteries. The kerf width and top width of the specimens with laser irradiation are measured and the material removal energy is obtained. Observations of SEM photographs and absorptivity measurements are conducted. Increasing volume energies causes logarithmic increases in the kerf and top width. It is observed that the compressed cathode forms a wider kerf width than the uncompressed cathode under the same laser parameters. The top width of the uncompressed cathode is wider than the uncompressed cathode. The compression has a favorable effect on uniform cutting and selective removal of an active electrode

Brain Networks Maintain a Scale-free Organization across Consciousness, Anesthesia, and Recovery: Evidence for Adaptive Reconfiguration

Background: Loss of consciousness is an essential feature of general anesthesia. Although alterations of neural networks during anesthesia have been identified in the spatial domain, there has been relatively little study of temporal organization. Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers were anesthetized with an induction dose of propofol on two separate occasions. The duration of network connections in the brain was analyzed by multichannel electroencephalography and the minimum spanning tree method. Entropy of the connections was calculated based on Shannon entropy. The global temporal configuration of networks was investigated by constructing the cumulative distribution function of connection times in different frequency bands and different states of consciousness. Results: General anesthesia was associated with a significant reduction in the number of network connections, as well as significant alterations of their duration. These changes were most prominent in the 5 bandwidth and were also associated with a significant reduction in entropy of the connection matrix. Despite these and other changes, a global "scale-free" organization was consistently preserved across multiple subjects, anesthetic exposures, states of consciousness, and electroencephalogram frequencies. Conclusions: Our data suggest a fundamental principle of temporal organization of network connectivity that is maintained during consciousness and anesthesia, despite local changes. These findings are consistent with a process of adaptive reconfiguration during general anesthesia.11Ysciescopu