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Not AvailablePeste des petits ruminants (PPR), a viral disease of goats and sheep caused by a morbillivirus of the family paramyxoviridae is a major threat to small ruminant farming. Global announcement of PPR eradication by 2030 has opened lot of research gaps for the development of vaccines and diagnostics for differentiating infected and vaccinated animals. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, recombinant protein based vaccines and/or diagnostics are being tested in various heterologous systems across the globe for development of vaccines and/or diagnostic antigens. The recombinant viral proteins, virus like particle based vaccines, bivalent/multivalent vaccines, recombinant viral vectored vaccines, RNA interference as a therapy, suicidal DNAs, synthetic epitopes and peptides, reverse genetics, anti idiotypic antibody based vaccines and helper cell dependent diagnostics represent the present vaccine/diagnostic development strategies for the effective control and eradication of PPR. This review comprehend the current scenario of recombinant technology based vaccines and diagnostics, virus like particles (VLPs), reverse genetics approach etc., in the development of diagnostics and vaccines against PPR.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWith the advent of recombinant DNA technology, cloning and expression of numerous mammalian genes in different systems have been explored to produce many therapeutics and vaccines for human and animals in the form of recombinant proteins. But selection of the suitable expression system depends on productivity, bioactivity, purpose and physicochemical characteristics of the protein of interest. However, large scale production of recombinant proteins is still an art in spite of increased qualitative and quantitative demand for these proteins. Researchers are constantly challenged to improve and optimise the existing expression systems, and also to develop novel approaches to face the demands of producing the complex proteins. Here, we concisely review the most frequently used conventional and alternative host systems, with their unique features, along with advantages and disadvantages and their potential applications for the production of recombinant products.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTo study the pathomorphological changes and to evaluate immunohistochemical test in diagnosis of rabies, 114 brain samples from different animals like dog, cattle, horse and cat suspected for rabies were collected at post mortem. The brain samples were subjected for Negri body demonstration by Seller’s staining technique, fluorescent antibody technique, immunohistochemistry and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescent antibody techniques detected more number (67.54 %) of rabies cases than Seller’ staining technique (56.114%). Histopathological examination demonstrated Negri bodies only in 50 per cent of rabies positive cases. The immnohistochemistry appears to be more sensitive and equivalent to FAT in significance and could be used as routine alternative diagnostic techniqueNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study was conducted to assess methotrexate (MTX) induced toxicity in Wistar male albino rats. The study had two groups with 12 rats in each. MTX was used at the dose of 5mg/kg b.w. to induce toxicity. In MTX control group the levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GPx were significantly reduced compared to those of normal control. The MDA levels caused by lipid peroxidation as a result of oxidant injury to liver was significantly higher in MTX positive controlthan compared to that of normal control. In conclusion MTX induces hepatotoxicity in rats through oxidative stress evidenced by decreased levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and GPx and increased levels of MDA indicating increased extent of oxidative injury caused by MTX on hepatocytes.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study, hepatic tumors were chemically induced in male Wistar Albino rats with Diethylnitrosamine. Hepatic ultrasonography was performed to detect the development of hepatic tumors clinically at the end of treatment period. In sonography, the presence of tumor nodules was appreciated as the indistinct hepatic borders and circumscribed varied echogenicity with distinct hyperechoic borders in the affected portion of liver in contrast to the liver of negative control rats which showed distinct borders, homogenous parenchyma and medium echogenicity.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTo investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) against hepatocarcinogenesis, the present study was conducted. To induce hepatocarcinogenesis rats with Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 100 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally on Day 1 followed by 0.01 % DEN in drinking water ad libitum for 60 days. Zinc oxide nanoparticles as aqueous suspension was gavaged orally at a dose rate of 25 mg/kg body weight for 15 days prior to DEN treatment in ZnO NPs pre-treatment group and concurrently with DEN for 60 days in ZnO NPs concurrent treatment group. DEN induced severe hepatic damage and formation of preneoplastic altered hepatic foci by 30th day and severe fibrotic tissue proliferation with development of hepatic adenoma and carcinoma by 60th day. In pre-treatment and concurrent treatment groups, ZnO NPs reduced the extent of hepatic damage, prevented the formation of altered hepatic foci by 30th day and drastically reduced the extent of fibrotic tissue proliferation by 60th day which were determined through routine histopathology of hepatic tissue and special staining techniques alongside gross observation of liver.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of zincoxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on antioxidant status of methotrexate intoxicated Wistar albino rats. Seventy-two rats of 180 to 200g weight were equally divided into six groups. MTX was used at the rate of 5mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally for three consecutive days to induce toxicity and ZnO NPs was used @ of 50mg/kg b.w through oral gavage for 45 days. Antioxidant status of rats was evaluated by estimating products of oxidative injury (MDA) and endogenous antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GPx) in the liver on 7th, 21st and 45th days of experiment. All the antioxidant enzymes markedly reduced in MTX positive control with increased levels of MDA. In ZnO NPs positive control, the enzymes were numerically higher than normal control with mild increase in MDA levels at later stages of experiment. The MTX and ZnO NPs treated rats showed improved antioxidant status and decreased MDA levels than MTX alone intoxicated rats. ZnONPs pretreated rats showed improved antioxidant profile than ZnO NPs concurrent treatment and were comparable with that of a proven herbal hepato-protectant „Silymarin‟. In conclusion, the experiment suggested that implementation of ZnO NP scan combat MTX toxicity.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBrucellosis still remains an infectious, highly contagious and re-emerging endemic zoonosis especially in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions of the world involving many countries including India where it constitutes occupational hazard (Shakerian et al., 2013 and Khamesipour et al., 2014). It also poses a serious threat to livestock economy by causing abortion, loss of offspring, infertility and reduction in milk yield. The prevalence of brucellosis in animal reservoirs is an evidence of its prevalence in human population and control of animal brucellosis is the key to its control in humans. Early diagnosis is essential to minimise the spread of the disease besides public health importance. In the present study molecular characterization of five Brucella melitensis isolates was carried out through Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR and compared with Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis vaccine and challenge strains. The amplification profile confirmed the isolates as Brucella melitensis and there was a significant difference among these field isolates with that of reference vaccine strains and the amplicons of all the field isolates were similar to amplicons of reference challenge strain, Brucella melitensis 16MNot Availabl

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Not AvailableThe study was aimed to investigate the efficacy of a phytochemical gallic acid (GA) in preventing the pathomorphological alterations induced by cisplatin (CP) in testicular tissue of Wistar albino rats. One hundred and eight Wistar albino rats were equally divided into six groups. Group I served as normal control, Group II received single dose of intraperitoneal injection of CP at 7.5 mg/kg bw, Group III received GA at 75 mg/kg bw for 45 days, Group IV was treated with GA daily for 15 days prior to CP injection and discontinued post CP injection, Group V received CP injection and concurrently received GA for 45 days post CP injection and Group VI was treated with GA for 15 days prior to CP injection and continued for 45 days post CP injection. The testis samples collected on 7th, 14th, 28th and 45th day of post CP injection were subjected for histopathological examination to study the sequential pathomorphological changes. CP administration produced moderate congestion and interstitial oedema, severe seminiferous tubular atrophy, tubular cell degeneration and necrosis. The Gallic acid supplemented groups showed significant improvement in CP induced pathological changes. The pre + concurrent GA supplementation (Group VI) produced much earlier improvement in CP induced pathological changes than only pre and only concurrent GA supplementation. It was concluded that, GA supplementation have protective role against CP induced testicular toxicity.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSheep and goat brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis, one of the most virulent Brucella species accounting for economic losses through abortion, stillbirths, reduction of milk yield and infertility. Disease has wide socioeconomic impact, in countries where, livestock sector is the major source of rural income. Early diagnosis is essential to minimise the spread of the disease besides public health importance. The present study reports the isolation, identification, biotyping and molecular confirmation of Brucella spp. in 18 different sheep and goat farms in Karnataka suspected to have brucellosis. A total of 550 serum samples, 25 aborted foetuses, uterine discharges and placental tissues were collected. The serum samples were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). The clinical samples were processed for cultural isolation on Brucella Agar Media with selective antibiotic supplements. A total of 200 (36.36%) and 260 (47.27 %) serum samples were positive by RBPT and c-ELISA, respectively, further 195 (35.45 %) of them being positive by both the tests. Five Brucella isolates were recovered from 100 clinical samples. The isolates were characterized to their species by growing them on Brucella specific medium, biochemical reactions, CO2 requirement, H2S production, agglutination with A and M mono-specific antiserum, dye sensitivity to basic fuchsin and thionin. Further, molecular confirmation of the isolates was done by amplification of B. melitensis 16S (rRNA) sequence analysis by genus specific PCR and species specific IS711 repetitive DNA fragment by Brucella AMOS PCR. The present study envisages seroprevalence of at least 35.45 per cent and isolation rate of 25 per cent for B. melitensis warranting the need for institution of strict control measures.Not Availabl