Intersubiektywne uznanie, czyli personalizacja podmiotu

The aim of this article is to clarify the meaning of the concept of recognition in Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition. The main object of interest will be the differences between, what Honneth calls the basic form of recognition and recognition which he describes as a relation. Presented considerations will become premises for such an interpretation of theory of recognition, which differentiates at least between two meanings of the term recognition: first, as a subjective attitude, second, as a relation (which is more adequate interpretation). The indicated differences might be important for in-depth analyses of the theory of recognition, especially considering Honneth’s point of view – more formal approach presented in The Struggle for Recognition, to his analyses of democratic ethical life in his latest book Das Recht Der Freicheit.The aim of this article is to clarify the meaning of the concept of recognition in Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition. The main object of interest will be the differences between, what Honneth calls the basic form of recognition and recognition which he describes as a relation. Presented considerations will become premises for such an interpretation of theory of recognition, which differentiates at least between two meanings of the term recognition: first, as a subjective attitude, second, as a relation (which is more adequate interpretation). The indicated differences might be important for in-depth analyses of the theory of recognition, especially considering Honneth’s point of view – more formal approach presented in The Struggle for Recognition, to his analyses of democratic ethical life in his latest book Das Recht Der Freicheit

The Legal Status of ‘Civilian Hackers’ under International Humanitarian Law

In response to the rising trend of civilian hackers participating in cyber conflicts, the International Committee of the Red Cross has recently issued guidelines regulating their conduct. This article navigates the intricate legal landscape surrounding civilians who actively participate in cyber hostilities, exploring the concept of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) in the context of cyber warfare. Given the unique nature of cyber warfare, the article highlights the need for a nuanced and context-specific approach in determining the legal status of civilians involved in cyber hostilities. It underscores the importance of distinguishing between actions linked to an ongoing armed conflict and those that occur independently. The piece discusses the challenges in defining civilians in cyber warfare, the principles of distinction and proportionality, the criteria for qualifying a civilian as a “direct participant of hostilities” and the concept of continuous combat function (CCF), which distinguishes civilians continuously involved in cyber hostilities from those sporadically or ad hoc engaged. The article also delves into the temporal challenges in cyber operations and the “revolving door” concept, which complicates the application of DPH status in cyber warfare

Pojedynek honorowy – demonstracja kompetencji honorowych czy pieniactwo?

Discussing the matter of dueling of honour a question always arises, is the duel of honour just another form of ritualized murder, an instrument to kill a person with full acceptance of the society, or is there something more about the duel of honour. Analyzing available historical sources and comparing different regulations from Polish codices of honour, the duel of honour will be scrutinized in search of its aim, of its grist, of its role in the honourable conduct. The competences demanded from a gentleman by the honour codices will be reconstructed answering the question – is the duel of honour a demonstration of certain competences or just barretry?Discussing the matter of dueling of honour a question always arises, is the duel of honour just another form of ritualized murder, an instrument to kill a person with full acceptance of the society, or is there something more about the duel of honour. Analyzing available historical sources and comparing different regulations from Polish codices of honour, the duel of honour will be scrutinized in search of its aim, of its grist, of its role in the honourable conduct. The competences demanded from a gentleman by the honour codices will be reconstructed answering the question – is the duel of honour a demonstration of certain competences or just barretry

The method of normative reconstruction as a tool for social criticism

The main objective of this article is to introduce Axel Honneth’s method of normative reconstruction. The stages of its development will be shown—beginning from the intuitive reconstructions of empirically available social normativity up to the perspective of social criticism. Starting with Honneth’s self-criticism towards his own early methodological assumptions, I will indicate relevant factors that influenced the change in his methodological approach. Finally, I shall explain why the criticism formulated against the current stage of Honneth’s theory is mainly inadequate.6249782Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczn

Linear polyurethanes with imidazoquinazoline rings: preparation and properties evaluation

Abstract: In this work, research concerning the synthesis and properties of linear polyurethanes (PUs) with the imidazoquinazoline rings was represented. Reaction conditions of 2,6-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-phenylimida-zo[1,5-c]quinazoline-3,5-dione (BHPIQ) with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate were determined and optimized. These conditions are adapted to reaction of BHPIQ with 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate. New PUs with imidazoquinazoline rings were characterized by spectral methods ( 1 H-NMR and IR spectroscopies), which confirm their structures. Their molar masses and dispersity index were measured by size exclusion chromatography method. The wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies have shown that all PUs based on BHPIQ are amorphous. Moreover, thermal properties of PUs were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis, standard DSC, and temperature-modulated DSC methods. During thermogravimetric measurements, the exhaust gases were analyzed by FTIR method. Incorporation of imidazoquinazoline ring into the PU chains escalates their glass transition temperature; thus, their heat resistance was enhanced. Furthermore, their degradation rate and the amount of released degradation products were reduced. The investigated properties of the obtained PUs with imidazoquinazoline rings were compared with those ones of suitable PUs based on 1,4-butanediol. Graphical abstract: Linear polyurethanes were obtained in reaction of 1-phenyl-2,6-bis(2-hydroxyethylimidazo[1,5-c]quinazoline-3,5-dione with hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate. Their composition and structure were confirmed. The phase contents and thermal properties were investigated[Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2019, The Author(s).DS budge

Solid-State Fermentation Reduces Phytic Acid Level, Improves the Profile of Myo-Inositol Phosphates and Enhances the Availability of Selected Minerals in Flaxseed Oil Cake

U radu su ispitani in vitro sljedeći parametri: udjel fitata (InsP6), svojstva mioinozitol fosfata i iskoristivost esencijalnih mineralnih tvari iz lanene pogače fermentirane s pomoću gljivice Rhizopus oligosporus (DSM 1964 i ATCC 64063). Maseni udjel fitata u lanenoj pogači bio je 13,9 mg/g, nakon 96 sati fermentacije s pomoću R. oligosporus DSM 1964 smanjen je za 48 %, a s pomoću R. oligosporus ATCC 64063 za 33 %. Fermentacijom s pomoću soja DSM 1964 postignuti su bolji rezultati, jer je dobiven dominantni mioinozitol InsP3-5, dok je fermentacijom s pomoću soja ATCC 64603 dobiven uglavnom InsP5-6. Fermentacijom na čvrstoj podlozi od lanene pogače poboljšana je in vitro iskoristivost kalcija za 14 %, magnezija za 3,3 % i fosfora za 2-4 %.Flaxseed oil cake was subjected to fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus (DSM 1964 a nd ATCC 64063), and the phytate (InsP6) content, myo-inositol phosphate profile and in vitro bioavailability of essential minerals were studied. Flaxseed oil cake had a phytate mass fraction of 13.9 mg/g. A 96-hour fermentation of flaxseed oil cake by R. oligo sporus DSM 1964 and R. oligosporus ATCC 64063 decreased the InsP6 content by 48 and 33 %, respectively. The strains had different phytate-degrading activities: fermentation of flaxseed oil cake with R. oligosporus DSM 1964 was more advantageous, yielding InsP3-5 as a predominating myo-inositol compound, while fermentation with R. oligosporus ATCC 64603 produced predominantly InsP5-6. Solid-state fermentation of flaxseed oil cake enhanced in vitro bioavailability of calcium by 14, magnesium by 3.3 and phosphorus by 2–4 %

Supplemental materials for paper: Evolution of the role of seconds in the codes of honour by Wladyslaw Boziewicz 1919-1927

Wladyslaw Boziewicz codes of honour 1919-1927 seconds regulations databas

The World Health Organization: Following the Values in Unstable Times

The aim of this article is to show the environment in which the World Health Organization operates. The article discusses the basic issues related to the global health care system, and then the statutory aims and purposes of the Organization. The last part analyses the indicated goals in the context of the realities, primarily the political ones, paying attention to the coronavirus pandemic, which undoubtedly has affected the functioning of Organization. The article shows various types of problems that the WHO encounters in the course of its activity, which illustrates the complexity and comprehensiveness of the phenomena that occur in the area of operation of international organisations