The role of biotechnology on the treatment of wastes

The biological processes improving fast are shown among the future technologies. In these processes which biological materials are used as degraders, raw wastes are processed to remove the contaminants in them. Biotechnological processes are used for wastewater treatment, gas treatment and disposal of solid wastes in environmental engineering. Also, these processes can be utilized for the production of biogas and hydrogen as new energy resources. For preventing environmental pollution in environmental engineering, activated sludge process, trickling filters, biotrickling filters, oxidation ponds, anaerobic treatment, composting units and biogas reactors are used extensively among the waste treatment technologies. In this review paper, the role of biotechnology on waste treatment was assessed and several treatment methods were investigated

liquid membrane processes

Repeatability, one of the most important cases in treatment studies which emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process used to treat storage battery industry wastewaters, is examined in this study. In these treatment processes, several chemical reagents are used to compose inner and membrane phases. When composing membrane phase, organic reagents are also used, and these organic substances can leak to the outer phase which is called wastewater. In this study, this situation was discussed with data obtained from the treatment tests. The reaction order of ELM systems treating lead from storage battery industry wastewaters was determined. In the result of the study, it was found that a serious leakage problem emerged with these systems. A maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 270mg/L was obtained in the outer phase after treatment. For optimum ELM system, COD value was found as 200mg/L for 20 min of treatment. The repeatability tests were shown that good repetitive results were obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a standard deviation of 0.04104 for 30 minutes of treatment. Also physical observations suited each other very well. ELM systems suited to second reaction order. Reaction rate constant (k) and correlation coefficient were found as 0.0264 L/mgmin and 0.97, respectively

An examination on system characteristics in emulsion liquid membranes

Emulsion liquid membrane was used with the aim of lead removal from storage battery industry wastewaters. The effects of several parameters such as emulsification rate, reactor mixing rate, the change of membrane and internal phase component ratios on the removal efficiency were examined. Sorbitan Monooleate (Span 80) as surfactant, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as carrierextractant and mineral oil and kerosene as diluents were used to compose emulsion liquid membrane system. Also vegetable oils which were not hazardous and toxic as much as the organic diluents mentioned above were used to see the effect of them on lead removal. Extraction rate was found optimum at 300 rpm, while the emulsification rate was 7940 rpm for 30 minutes treatment. The best removal efficiency for only 15 minutes treatment was found as 92% at an emulsification rate of 12000 rpm. Sunflower oil was found suitable for lead removal from wastewater with a treatment efficiency of 86%. Treatment was accomplished with this system in five minutes and the treatment performance was not altered at the end of 20 minutes

Spectroscopic properties and preparation of some 2,3-dimethoxybenzamide derivatives

In this study, a series of substituted secondary amide compounds were synthesized starting from 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid and aniline derivatives. The structures of these synthesized compounds were determined using IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis techniques. Background: Amides are important groups in organic compounds. Amides moieties are found in many natural products. We now report a complementary study of the amide derivatives and the structures of these synthesized compounds were determined using IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis techniques. Methods: Substituted secondary amides were prepared from the corresponding 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid. This involved reaction of 2,3-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride with the appropriate aniline derivatives in the presence of THF to give substituted secondary amides. Results: A summary of crystallographic data, experimental details, and refinement results for compounds are given. Conclusion: In this study a simple, yet effective method was used for the synthesis of some benzamides from acyl chlorides with aniline and its derivatives in the presence of triethylamine. All the products were obtained with moderate-good yields. © 2016 Bentham Science Publishers

bis[(R)-(-)-hydroxymethylpropylimine o-vanillinato]copper(II)

The novel complexes bis(o-vanillinato)-triethylenglycoldiiminecopper(II) (1) and bis[(R)-(-)-hydroxymethylpropylimine o-vanillinato]copper(II) (2) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, spectral methods (UV-Vis and FT-IR), simultaneous TG, DTA techniques and X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure of (1) determined that the Cu atom is coordinated by two imine N atoms and two phenol O atoms from the Schiff base ligand in a slightly distorted square-planar coordination. The o-vanillinato ligands moieties of the molecule are in a trans configuration and the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring planes is 43.97(14)degrees. Compound (2) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P (1) over bar with unit-cell parameters a = 8.054(7), b = 8.684(7), c = 10.258(8) angstrom, alpha = 79.452(6)degrees, beta = 70.454(6)degrees, gamma = 65.427(6)degrees and Z = 1. The crystal structure of (2) has indicated that the complex is slightly distorted square planar and is chelated by the two imine N atoms and two phenol O atoms from the Schiff base ligand. The o-vanillinato ligands moieties of (2) are in a trans configuration and the torsion angle between the aromatic ring planes is 60.5(3)degrees. The crystal packing involves both hydrogen-bonding and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions. Thermal analyses showed that the title compounds decompose in two stages over the temperature range 20-1000 degrees C in a static air atmosphere. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Derivatives

In this study, a series of substituted secondary amide compounds were synthesized starting from 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid and aniline derivatives. The structures of these synthesized compounds were determined using IR, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis techniques.Background: Amides are important groups in organic compounds. Amides moieties are found in many natural products. We now report a complementary study of the amide derivatives and the structures of these synthesized compounds were determined using IR, H-1 NMR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy, X- ray diffraction and elemental analysis techniques.Methods: Substituted secondary amides were prepared from the corresponding 2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid. This involved reaction of 2,3-dimethoxybenzoyl chloride with the appropriate aniline derivatives in the presence of THF to give substituted secondary amides.Results: A summary of crystallographic data, experimental details, and refinement results for compounds are given.Conclusion: In this study a simple, yet effective method was used for the synthesis of some benzamides from acyl chlorides with aniline and its derivatives in the presence of triethylamine. All the products were obtained with moderate-good yields

Structural and vibrational investigation of 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethane-1,2-dione (Veratril): experimental and theoretical studies

WOS: 000257332800013The molecular and crystal structures of 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-dione (TMBZ = tetramethoxybenzil) were determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction, (1)H NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The compound TMBZ (C(18)H(18)O(6), M (r) = 330.32) crystallized in the orthorhombic Fdd2 space group wherein: a = 39.145(4), b = 18.167(2), c = 4.3139(5) angstrom and beta = 90 degrees, Z = 8. The packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice is stabilized by intermolecular C-H center dot center dot center dot O contacts in the herringbone arrangement. The molecular geometry and harmonic frequencies of TMBZ in the ground state were calculated utilizing density functional (B3LYP) method with the 6-311++G(d, p)-basis set. The density functional theory optimized the geometric structure, and vibrational wave numbers of TMBZ in gas phase were compared with the experimental data. A complete assignment of the fundamentals was proposed based on the total energy distribution calculation

Structural and vibrational investigation of 1, 2-bis(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl) ethane-1, 2-dione (Veratril): Experimental and theoretical studies

The molecular and crystal structures of 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethane- 1,2-dione (TMBZ = tetramethoxybenzil) were determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The compound TMBZ (C18H18O6, M r = 330.32) crystallized in the orthorhombic Fdd2 space group wherein: a = 39.145(4), b = 18.167(2), c = 4.3139(5) Å and ß = 90°, Z = 8. The packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice is stabilized by intermolecular C-H?O contacts in the herringbone arrangement. The molecular geometry and harmonic frequencies of TMBZ in the ground state were calculated utilizing density functional (B3LYP) method with the 6-311++G(d, p)-basis set. The density functional theory optimized the geometric structure, and vibrational wave numbers of TMBZ in gas phase were compared with the experimental data. A complete assignment of the fundamentals was proposed based on the total energy distribution calculation. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the support for this work by the Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council (Grant no. TBAG-2450(104T060)). We would like to thank the reviewers for the thoughtful and thorough review