New types of dwellings for prospective construction after 1981

Architectural considerations for the next stage of mass housing construction in the U.S.S.R. are explored. The architects are concerned with both the aesthetic and functional quality of the constructions, in terms of the prospective inhabitants as well as the environments in which they will be located. Experimental building designs emphasize: variety of appearance, environmental control, and the communal life

Impact of the EU and US sanctions on the foreign exchange rate of Russia

Mestrado em FinançasAs sanções económicas internacionais tornaram-se uma ferramenta regular para alcançar os objectivos da política externa em relação à nação-alvo. A literatura sobre as sanções se concentra principalmente na questão de saber se as sanções atingem seus objetivos de política externa ou não, mas não sobre os danos causados à economia sancionada. O estudo seguinte procura preencher esta lacuna apresentando um panorama teórico da literatura sobre o impacto das sanções na economia de um país-alvo. Vários estudos consideram diferentes conseqüências das sanções em um país alvo, como a redução de investimentos eo comércio internacional. No entanto, este estudo procura avançar e explorar o impacto sobre a taxa de câmbio, que é mais macroeconômico substancial medida da economia do que os investimentos e comércio internacional. Mais precisamente, o estudo analisa empiricamente a ligação entre as sanções da UE e dos EUA ea taxa de câmbio da Rússia, utilizando os seus dados mensais durante o período de Janeiro de 2009 a Junho de 2015. Os resultados sugerem que a implementação de sanções tem um impacto negativo significativo sobre o valor da moeda nacional. Além disso, uma vez que o Ruble está substancialmente ligado ao preço do petróleo, o documento testa e confirma a hipótese de que as sanções enfraquecem a moeda nacional, tornando-a assim mais dependente do preço do petróleo.International economic sanctions became a regular tool to achieve foreign policy objectives regarding target nation. The sanctions literature mostly focuses on question whether sanctions succeed their foreign policy goals or not, but not on the damage caused to the sanctioned economy. The following study attempts to fill this gap by presenting a theoretical overview of the literature concerning the impact of sanctions on a target country's economy. Several studies consider different consequences of sanctions on a target country, such as reduction of investments and international trade. However, this study seeks to go forward and explore impact on currency exchange rate, which is more substantial macroeconomic measure of economy than investments and international trade. To be more precise, the study empirically analyzes the connection between EU and US sanctions and the foreign exchange rate of Russia, using its monthly data over the period of time from January 2009 to June 2015. The findings suggest that implementation of sanctions have a significant negative impact on the domestic currency value. Moreover, since Ruble is substantially connected with the oil's price, the paper tests and confirms the hypothesis that sanctions weaken domestic currency, thus making it more dependent on the price of the oil.N/

Existence and stability of solutions with periodically moving weak internal layers

We consider the periodic parabolic differential equation $ep^2 Big( fracpartial^2 upartial x^2 -fracpartial upartial t Big)=f(u,x,t,ep)$ under the assumption that $ve$ is a small positive parameter and that the degenerate equation $f(u,x,t,0) =0$ has two intersecting solutions. We derive conditions such that there exists an asymptotically stable solution $u_p(x,t,ep)$ which is $T$-periodic in $t$, satisfies no-flux boundary conditions and tends to the stable composed root of the degenerate equation as $eprightarrow 0$

Singularly perturbed partly dissipative reaction-diffusion systems in case of exchange of stabilities

We consider the singularly perturbed partly dissipative reaction-diffusion system ε2 (∂u ⁄ ∂t - ∂2u ⁄ ∂x2 = g(u,v,x,t,ε), ∂v ⁄ ∂t = ƒ(u,v,x,t,ε) under the condition that the degenerate equation g(u,v,t,0) = 0 has two solutions u = φi(v,x,t), i = 1,2, that intersect (exchange of stabilities). Our main result concerns existence and asymptotic behavior in ε of the solution of the initial boundary value problem under consideration. The proof is based on the method of asymptotic lower and upper solutions

Singularly perturbed boundary value problems in case of exchange of stablities

We consider a mixed boundary value problem for a system of two second order nonlinear differential equations where one equation is singularly perturbed. We assume that the associated equation has two intersecting families of equilibria. This property excludes the application of standard results. By means of the method of upper and lower solutions we prove the existence of a solution of the boundary value problem and determine its asymptotic behavior with respect to the small parameter. The results can be used to study differential systems modelling bimolecular reactions with fast reaction rates

Singularly perturbed reaction-diffusion systems in case of exchange of stabilities

We study singularly perturbed elliptic and parabolic differential equations under the assumption that the associated equation has intersecting families of equilibria (exchange of stabilities). We prove by means of the method of asymptotic lower and upper solutions that the asymptotic behavior with respect to the small parameter changes near the curve of exchange of stabilities. The application of that result to systems modelling fast bimolecular reactions in a heterogeneous environment implies a transition layer (jumping behavior) of the reaction rate. This behavior has to be taken into account for identification problems in reaction systems

Time-periodic boundary layer solutions to singularly perturbed parabolic problems

In this paper, we present a result of implicit function theorem type, which was designed for application to singularly perturbed problems. This result is based on fixed point iterations for contractive mappings, in particular, no monotonicity or sign preservation properties are needed. Then we apply our abstract result to time-periodic boundary layer solutions (which are allowed to be non-monotone with respect to the space variable) in semilinear parabolic problems with two independent singular perturbation parameters. We prove existence and local uniqueness of those solutions, and estimate their distance to certain approximate solutions

Singularly perturbed boundary value problems for systems of Tichonov's type in case of exchange of stabilities

We consider a system of ordinary differential equations consisting of a singularly perturbed scalar differential equation of second order and a scalar differential equation of first or second order and study a Neuman-Cauchy or a Neuman-Dirichlet problem. We assume that the degenerate equation has two intersecting solutions such that the standard theory for systems of Tichonov's type cannot be applied. We introduce the notation of a composed stable solution. By means of the technique of ordered lower and upper solutions we prove the existence of a solution of our problems near the composed stable solution for sufficiently small ε and determine its asymptotic behavior in ε

Information and Analytical Support for Management of Fire Extinguishing at Highly Dangerous and Technically Complex Facilities

In this article the authors formulate the task for process management of man-made fire extinguishing at highly dangerous and technically complex facilities. This task consists of fire localization and elimination using minimal assignment in minimum amount of time. For this task the authors developed a neuro-fuzzy model for fire extinguishing process control, the main elements of which are a neuro-fuzzy model for predicting the fire area, a neuro-fuzzy model for selecting the fire rank, a neuro-fuzzy model for evaluating the implementation success of the plan, a neuro-fuzzy model for selecting the optimal action plan, an analytical model for evaluation of resources sufficiency, an analytical model for resources selection, and a model for implementation of neuro-fuzzy models. In comparison with existing models, distinctive features of the developed model are the following: application of combined (bell-shaped with thresholds) membership functions that allow to performmore accurate approximation of input parameters values; implementation of the block to eliminate dynamic errors. This paper assesses model adequacy through verification and validation. The authors developed a system for fire extinguishing process control. This system allows us to raise of firefighters’ efficiency due to increase of accuracy of managerial decisions taken by the manager and time reduction needed to formulatea decision