Microbial and parasitic contamination on circulating Pakistani Currency

Background: Fomites are nonliving objects that are capable of imbibing, harboring and spreading infectious microorganisms. Currency notes and coins, as exchangeable fomite, are constantly subjected to contamination. The objective of this study was to determine microbial and parasitic contamination of Pakistani currency thus highlighting the potential of money for spreading pathogens in the Pakistani community.Methods: In the present study, a total of 81 Pakistani currency notes and coins in circulation were randomly collected from different shopkeepers, vendors, canteen owners and restaurant cashiers in Lahore and analyzed for parasitological, fungal, aerobic and anaerobic microbial analyses by using various microbiological techniques.Results: The study revealed 92.5% of Pakistani currency to be contaminated with pathological microorganisms. Potential pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp. (48.05%), Streptococuss spp. (3.89%), Micrococcus spp. (5.19%), Bacillus subtilis (11.68%), Corynebacterium spp. (7.79%), Cronobacter sakazakii (2.59%), Burkholderia cepacia (1.29%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.59%), Serretia rubideae (1.29%), Bacteriodes spp. (34.46%) and Yeast and Mold (3.89) % respectively were isolated. The parasitological analysis of the currency evinces 13.58% of the samples with parasitic ova and cysts. Predominant ova and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica & Giardia lamblia were identified.Conclusion: This study indicates that currency notes and coins are excellent fomites that can harbor the microorganisms very well. The current analyses points out towards the unhygienic practices of the people spending money in the form of currency notes and coins. Launching effective and frequent awareness campaigns in the society can help to stop the spread of microorganisms to a greater extent

Genetic Algorithm to Traveling Salesman Problem

In this paper, we apply a genetic algorithm to TSP. Since in TSP, a tour must pass through edges in E' ( E) at least once, it is necessary to involve E' and the information of direction in the chromosome. However, if we use the existing chromosome structure, the length of the chromosome becomes 2 jE0j and the size of the solution space becomes 2jE0j jE0j!. In the previous study, since the chromosome uses two kinds of information (E' and the direction), the results and the time to find a near-optimal solution vary according to the method of applying genetic operators. To resolve these defects, this paper proposes a new structure of chromosome for TSP

The Task Allocation Model in Communication Channel Delay

In this paper we discuss heuristics approach for task allocation in a distributed computing system. This performs static allocation and provide near optimal results. The suggested algorithm is implemented on a Dual Core machine and found the performance of the developed algorithm is satisfactory

A rearrangement-based approach to secondary difluorophosphonates

[3,3]-Claisen rearrangements allowed the conversion of a readily available allylic difluorophosphonate to nucleic acid and inositol phosphate-related products via epoxide cyclisation or ring closing metathesis respectively

Towards stable analogues of inositol phosphates : stereoselective syntheses of (alpha,alpha-difluoromethyl)phosphonic acid (DFMPA)-containing cyclohexanes

Diels–Alder and conjugate addition reactions were used to prepare precursors to a range of fully functionalised and deoxy inositol phosphate analogues