Association of Nitrate Ion with Metal Cations in Aqueous Solution: a UV-Vis Spectrometric and Factor-Analytical Study

Ion association in aqueous solutions of varied concentrations of LiNO3, NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, and Cd(NO3)2 was studied by means of UV spectrometry. In all cases, except for Zn(NO3)2(aq) the principal-components (PCA) and evolving-factor (EFA) analyses of the spectra indicated formation of associated ion pairs [MNO3]z-1 (Mz denotes the cation) at higher salt concentrations. The (dis)similarities of the [MNO3]z-1 (Mz spectral profiles (computed by EFA) were examined by means of cluster analysis. The influence of transition-metal ions on the nitrate UV spectrum was found to be remarkably different compared to that of non-transition cations. That could be a consequence of different types of cation-anion interactions. The ion pairs containing non-transition metal ions could be regarded as classical electrostatic ones, whereas a weak coordination interaction was presumably present in the ion pairs formed by the nitrate and the cations of transition metals

Prognostic performance of the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II in major Croatian hospitals: a prospective multicenter study

AIM: To perform an external validation of the original Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) system and to assess its performance in a selected group of patients in major Croatian hospitals. ----- METHODS: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted in five university hospitals and one general hospital during a six-month period between November 1, 2007 and May 1, 2008. Standardized hospital mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated from the mean predicted mortality of all the 2756 patients and the actual mortality for the same group of patients. The validation of SAPS II was made using the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 2×2 classification tables, and Hosmer-Lemeshow tests. ----- RESULTS: The predicted mortality was as low as 14.6% due to a small proportion of medical patients and the SMR being 0.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.98). The SAPS II system demonstrated a good discriminatory power as measured by the AUC (0.85; standard error [SE]=0.012; 95% CI=0.840-0.866; P<0.001). This system significantly overestimated the actual mortality (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit H statistic: χ(2) =584.4; P<0.001 and C statistics: χ(2)(8) =313.0; P<0.001) in the group of patients included in the study. ----- CONCLUSION: The SAPS II had a good discrimination, but it significantly overestimated the observed mortality in comparison with the predicted mortality in this group of patients in Croatia. Therefore, caution is required when an evaluation is performed at the individual level