Analysis of a two-crystal delay line for femtosecond pulses of the X-ray free electron laser

Using the methods of statistical optics the formation of delayed X-ray pulses in the diffraction reflection of an incident pulse with an arbitrary degree of temporal coherence from a system of parallel crystals with different lattice periods is considered. The results are of interest for constructing delay lines in experiments with a time resolution of the pump-and-probe type and realizing of the self-seeding mode to increase the degree of temporal coherence of the X-ray free-electron laser radiation. A rigorous theory of dynamic diffraction in Bragg geometry is applied to the diffraction reflection of short X-ray pulses from a system of two parallel crystals with arbitrary thicknesses, and also, for a system of two pairs of parallel crystals. The dependence of the delay time and the intensity of the delayed pulses on the thickness of the crystals and the distances between them are analyzed. Since the pulses from the X-ray free electron laser have high spatial coherence, i. e. a small angular divergence, but very poor temporal coherence, special attention is paid to the effect of the degree of temporal coherence on the width of the energyspectrum of the incident pulses and on the influence of this width on the intensity of the delayed pulse

Subnanometer Topological Tuning of the Liquid Intrusion/Extrusion Characteristics of Hydrophobic Micropores

Intrusion (wetting)/extrusion (drying) of liquids in/from lyophobic nanoporous systems is key in many fields, including chromatography, nanofluidics, biology, and energy materials. Here we demonstrate that secondary topological features decorating main channels of porous systems dramatically affect the intrusion/extrusion cycle. These secondary features, allowing an unexpected bridging with liquid in the surrounding domains, stabilize the water stream intruding a micropore. This reduces the intrusion/extrusion barrier and the corresponding pressures without altering other properties of the system. Tuning the intrusion/extrusion pressures via subnanometric topological features represents a yet unexplored strategy for designing hydrophobic micropores. Though energy is not the only field of application, here we show that the proposed tuning approach may bring 20–75 MPa of intrusion/extrusion pressure increase, expanding the applicability of hydrophobic microporous materials

Dynamics of the Age and Sex Structure of Mortality of the Middle Volga Population in 1985-2010

Based on archival and published data, the article analyses the features of the dynamics and structure of mortality of the population of the Middle Volga region in the 1980s–2000s. It was revealed that an increase in quantitative indicators of mortality in this period is associated with a change in the age structure of the population towards ageing, while the growth in the number of deaths in the region exceeded the all-Russian dynamics. The reduction of infant and child mortality in the region was accompanied by an intensive increase in the number of deaths of young and middle-aged people, an increase in male excess mortality and a decrease in average life expectancy.В статье на основе архивных и опубликованных данных проанализированы особенности динамики и возрастно-половой структуры смертности населения Среднего Поволжья в 1980–2000-е гг. Автором установлено, что увеличение количественных показателей смертности в рассматриваемый период связано с изменением возрастной структуры населения в сторону постарения, а интенсивность роста числа летальных исходов в регионе превышала общероссийскую динамику. Сокращение младенческой и детской смертности в регионе сопровождалось интенсивным ростом числа смертей в молодых и средних возрастах, ростом мужской сверхсмертности и снижением средней ожидаемой продолжительности жизни

Molecular Theory of Hydrophobic Effects: ``She is too mean to have her name repeated.''

This paper reviews the molecular theory of hydrophobic effects relevant to biomolecular structure and assembly in aqueous solution. Recent progress has resulted in simple, validated molecular statistical thermodynamic theories and clarification of confusing theories of decades ago. Current work is resolving effects of wider variations of thermodynamic state, e.g. pressure denaturation of soluble proteins, and more exotic questions such as effects of surface chemistry in treating stability of macromolecular structures in aqueous solutionComment: submitted to Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 31 pages, 245 references, 2 figure

Theory and Applications of X-ray Standing Waves in Real Crystals

Theoretical aspects of x-ray standing wave method for investigation of the real structure of crystals are considered in this review paper. Starting from the general approach of the secondary radiation yield from deformed crystals this theory is applied to different concreat cases. Various models of deformed crystals like: bicrystal model, multilayer model, crystals with extended deformation field are considered in detailes. Peculiarities of x-ray standing wave behavior in different scattering geometries (Bragg, Laue) are analysed in detailes. New possibilities to solve the phase problem with x-ray standing wave method are discussed in the review. General theoretical approaches are illustrated with a big number of experimental results.Comment: 101 pages, 43 figures, 3 table

Time-dependent density functional theory study of the luminescence of 2-aminopyrimidine derivative

The research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the government of the Novosibirsk region of the Russian Federation, grant № 18–43–540016 r_a

Optimization of protective lung ventilation in thoracic surgery

Background: Today protective ventilation is the predominant ventilation methodology. It includes the use of low tidal volume, inspiratory pressure limitation, and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure. However, several retrospective studies have shown that tidal volume, inspiratory pressure, and Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) are not associated with patients’ treatment outcomes, but could be associated only when they influence driving pressure.Objective: Optimization of the strategy of protective one-lung ventilation under the control of driving pressure, to reduce early postoperative respiratory complications in patients operated for lung cancer.Material and methods: A prospective controlled study was conducted on 110 patients undergoing extended anatomical lung resections with subsequent comparison of clinical results depending on the level of driving pressure during one-lung ventilation. Postoperative pulmonary complications based on the Melbourne scale that appeared within 3 days after surgery became the endpoint.Results: A correlation was established between the level of driving pressure and the level of PaO2 in the intraoperative period – high inverse (r = – 0.901). The greatest value in the development of postoperative respiratory failure is driving pressure, exceeding 15 cm of water (Odds ratio = 18.25). In the first 3 days, postoperative pulmonary complications, determined by the Melbourne group scale, occurred in 9 (8.2%) patients in whom the driving pressure exceeded 15 cm of water, and in 3 patients (2.7%) with a driving pressure level less than 15 cm of water (p = 0.016).Conclusion: Driving pressure excess with values of more than 15 cm of water significantly increases the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. Fixed PEEP will be inappropriate both high and low, and individualized PEEP titrated by CStat may reduce driving pressure and become the next step in protective one-lung ventilation