5 research outputs found
Redefining Parenthood: Child Custody and Visitation When Nontraditional Families Dissolve
This article offers a method of providing custody and visitation rights to individuals formerly involved in nontraditional relationships who function as children\u27s parents but who lack the legal status of parent. The article considers a broad range of nontraditional families, including stepparents, same-sex partners, and unmarried heterosexuals. The article begins with a summary of California statutory law. The author examines how parent is defined and the limitations imposed on those falling outside that definition when they seek to assert rights to child custody and visitation. Next, the article focuses on three types of nontraditional relationships to illustrate how California courts have applied the statutory law and how that application limits nonlegal parents\u27 ability to gain standing to assert claims for custody and visitation and limits courts\u27 subject matter jurisdiction to consider such claims. In cases where nonlegal parents overcome the standing and jurisdictional issues and make it into court, the article shows how the law works to summarily deny their claims, without considering any functional parent-child relationship that may have existed. Next, the article examines existing legal theories under which nonlegal parents attempt to use their functional relationships to establish parental rights. The article also explores the failure of these theories to provide for functional parents or to adequately protect the rights of legally recognized parents from outside parties. The article then considers three innovative approaches to resolving child custody and visitation disputes arising out of nontraditional relationships which do establish rights for functional parents. In conclusion, the author advises the California Legislature to redefine legal parent to include functional parents. The author recommends specific criteria for determining when a functional parent-child relationship exists, taking into account the extent of the relationship itself, the child\u27s perceptions of the relationship and the legal parent\u27s intent in creating the relationship. This approach allows functional parents to seek custody and visitation according to the same standards as other legal parents, while protecting legal parents from attempts by outside parties to establish parental rights
Redefining Parenthood: Child Custody and Visitation When Nontraditional Families Dissolve
This article offers a method of providing custody and visitation rights to individuals formerly involved in nontraditional relationships who function as children\u27s parents but who lack the legal status of parent. The article considers a broad range of nontraditional families, including stepparents, same-sex partners, and unmarried heterosexuals. The article begins with a summary of California statutory law. The author examines how parent is defined and the limitations imposed on those falling outside that definition when they seek to assert rights to child custody and visitation. Next, the article focuses on three types of nontraditional relationships to illustrate how California courts have applied the statutory law and how that application limits nonlegal parents\u27 ability to gain standing to assert claims for custody and visitation and limits courts\u27 subject matter jurisdiction to consider such claims. In cases where nonlegal parents overcome the standing and jurisdictional issues and make it into court, the article shows how the law works to summarily deny their claims, without considering any functional parent-child relationship that may have existed. Next, the article examines existing legal theories under which nonlegal parents attempt to use their functional relationships to establish parental rights. The article also explores the failure of these theories to provide for functional parents or to adequately protect the rights of legally recognized parents from outside parties. The article then considers three innovative approaches to resolving child custody and visitation disputes arising out of nontraditional relationships which do establish rights for functional parents. In conclusion, the author advises the California Legislature to redefine legal parent to include functional parents. The author recommends specific criteria for determining when a functional parent-child relationship exists, taking into account the extent of the relationship itself, the child\u27s perceptions of the relationship and the legal parent\u27s intent in creating the relationship. This approach allows functional parents to seek custody and visitation according to the same standards as other legal parents, while protecting legal parents from attempts by outside parties to establish parental rights
Recommended from our members
Actionable Cytopathogenic Host Responses of Human Alveolar Type 2 Cells to SARS-CoV-2
Recommended from our members
Actionable Cytopathogenic Host Responses of Human Alveolar Type 2 Cells to SARS-CoV-2
Human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, exerts a massive health and socioeconomic crisis. The virus infects alveolar epithelial type 2 cells (AT2s), leading to lung injury and impaired gas exchange, but the mechanisms driving infection and pathology are unclear. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomic survey of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived AT2s (iAT2s) infected with SARS-CoV-2 at air-liquid interface (ALI). Time course analysis revealed rapid remodeling of diverse host systems, including signaling, RNA processing, translation, metabolism, nuclear integrity, protein trafficking, and cytoskeletal-microtubule organization, leading to cell cycle arrest, genotoxic stress, and innate immunity. Comparison to analogous data from transformed cell lines revealed respiratory-specific processes hijacked by SARS-CoV-2, highlighting potential novel therapeutic avenues that were validated by a high hit rate in a targeted small molecule screen in our iAT2 ALI system.
[Display omitted]
•SARS-CoV-2 infection in induced lung cells is characterized by phosphoproteomics•Analysis of response reveals host cell signaling and protein expression profile•Comparison to studies in undifferentiated cell lines shows unique pathology in iAT2s•Systems-level predictions find druggable pathways that can impede viral life cycle
Hekman et al. describe how a layer of primary stem cells (iAT2s) recapitulating lung biology responds to infection with SARS-CoV-2. They compare their work to previous studies with immortalized cell lines. Their data predict what effect the virus has on a lung cell and which drugs may slow infection