Role of Charged Gauge Fields in Generating Magnetic Seed Fields in Bubble Collisions during the Cosmological Electroweak Phase Transition

We calculate the magnetic field generated during bubble collisions in a first-order electroweak phase transition that may occur for some choices of parameters in the minimal supersymmetric Standard Model. We show that for sufficiently gentle collisions, where the Higgs field is relatively unperturbed in the bubble overlap region, the equations of motion can be linearized so that in the absence of fermions the charged W fields are the source of the electromagnetic current for generating the seed fields. Solutions of the equations of motion for the charged gauge fields and Maxwell's equations for the magnetic field in O(1,2) space-time symmetry are expressed in closed form by applying boundary conditions at the time of collision. Our results indicate that the magnetic fields generated by charged $W^{\pm}$ fields in the collision are comparable to those found in previous work. The magnetic fields so produced could seed galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields observed today.Comment: 15 Pages, 7 Figure

Designed to Be Green, Economic, and Efficient: A Ketone‐Ester‐Alcohol‐Alkane Blend for Future Spark‐Ignition Engines

Model-based fuel design can tailor fuels to advanced engine concepts while minimizing environmental impact and production costs. A rationally designed ketone-ester-alcohol-alkane (KEAA) blend for high efficiency spark-ignition engines was assessed in a multi-disciplinary manner, from production cost to ignition characteristics, engine performance, ecotoxicity, microbial storage stability, and carbon footprint. The comparison included RON 95 E10, ethanol, and two previously designed fuels. KEAA showed high indicated efficiencies in a single-cylinder research engine. Ignition delay time measurements confirmed KEAA's high auto-ignition resistance. KEAA exhibits a moderate toxicity and is not prone to microbial infestation. A well-to-wheel analysis showed the potential to lower the carbon footprint by 95 percent compared to RON 95 E10. The findings motivate further investigations on KEAA and demonstrate advancements in model-based fuel design