<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i> Korth Leaf Pellet Supplementation on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Protozoal Population in Thai Native Beef Cattle

This experiment evaluated the use of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaf pellets (MSLP) on feed intake and nutrient digestibility in Thai native beef cattle. Four Thai native beef cattle steers were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The treatments were as follows: control (no supplementation), MSLP supplement at 10 g/hd/d, MSLP supplement at 20 g/hd/d and MSLP supplement at 30 g/hd/d, respectively. All animals were fed a concentrate mixture at 0.5% body weight, while urea lime-treated rice straws were fed ad libitum. Findings revealed that feed intakes were increased by MSLP, which also significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Ruminal total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and propionate (C3) proportion were increased (p 3-N), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), acetate (C2), C2:C3 ratio and estimated methane (CH4) production decreased (p Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococus flavefaciens populations increased (p p 4 production

<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i> Korth Leaves Supplementation on Feed Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Efficiency, Microbial Population, and Methane Production In Vitro

The objective of the research was to evaluate the different levels of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves powder (MSLP) added to rations with 60:40 or 40:60 roughage to a concentrate (R:C ratio) on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, microbial population, and methane (CH4) production. The treatments were arranged according to a 2 × 8 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. The two factors contain the R:C ratio (60:40 and 40:60) and the levels of MSLP addition (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7% of the total substrate). There was no interaction between the R:C ratio and MSLP supplementation on gas production kinetics, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and microbial populations. The gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at (40:60), whilst there was no difference obtained among treatments for cumulative gas production, whilst the gas production rate constant for the insoluble fraction (c) was increased by the R:C ratio at 40:60. The concentration of NH3-N was influenced by the R:C ratio and MSLP addition both at 4 and 8 h after incubation. In vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and organic matter degradability (IVOMD) were significantly improved by the R:C ratio and supplementation of MSLP at 12 h. Increasing the R:C ratio and MSLP concentrations increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and propionic acid (C3) concentrations while decreasing acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) concentrations; thus, the C2:C3 ratio was reduced. MSLP addition reduced protozoa and methanogen populations (p 4 production was decreased (p 4 production

Changed Rumen Fermentation, Blood Parameters, and Microbial Population in Fattening Steers Receiving a High Concentrate Diet with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improve Growth Performance

The effect of dry yeast (DY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in a high-concentrate diet was evaluated for rumen fermentation, blood parameters, microbial populations, and growth performance in fattening steers. Sixteen crossbred steers (Charolais x American Brahman) at 375 ± 25 kg live weight were divided into four groups that received DY supplementation at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/hd/d using a completely randomized block design. Basal diets were fed as a total mixed ration (roughage to concentrate ratio of 30:70). Results showed that supplementation with DY improved dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p &lt; 0.05), but DM and crude protein (CP) were similar among treatments (p &gt; 0.05). Ruminal pH (&gt;6.0) of fattening steer remained stable (p &gt; 0.05), and pH was maintained at or above 6.0 with DY. The concentration of propionic acid (C3) increased (p &lt; 0.05) with 10 and 15 g/hd/d DY supplementation, while acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4) decreased. Methane (CH4) production in the rumen decreased as DY increased (p &lt; 0.05). Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens populations increased (p &lt; 0.05), whereas protozoal and methanogen populations decreased with DY addition at 10 and 15 g/hd/d, while Ruminococcus albus did not change (p &gt; 0.05) among the treatments. Adding DY at 10 and 15 g/hd/d improved growth performance. Thus, the addition of DY to fattening steers with a high concentrate diet improved feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen ecology, and growth performance, while mitigating ruminal methane production

Cricket Meal (<i>Gryllus bimaculatus</i>) as a Protein Supplement on In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation

The aim of this work was to conduct the effects of cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) meal (CM) as a protein supplement on in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation, and methane (CH4) mitigation. Dietary treatments were randomly assigned using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement. The first factor was two ratios of roughage to concentrate (R:C at 60:40 and 40:60), and the second factor was the level of CM to replace soybean meal (SBM) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. It was found that in vitro DM degradability and the concentration of propionic (C3) were significantly increased (p 2), acetate and propionate (C2:C3) ratio, and protozoal population were reduced (p 4 production was mitigated (p 3 concentration and DM degradability, reduced methane production, and C2:C3 ratio. The effects were more pronounced (p < 0.05) at low levels of roughage

Bioaccessibility and Microencapsulation of <i>Lactobacillus</i> sp. to Enhance <i>Nham</i> Protein Hydrolysates in Thai Fermented Sausage

The development of functional food products is increasingly gaining lots of interest and popularity among stakeholders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of three Lactobacillus sp. starter cultures, including Lacticaseibacillus casei KKU-KK1, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus KKU-KK2, and Lactobacillus acidophilus KKU-KK3, in order to enhance the performance of the probiotic potential of Nham protein hydrolysates in Thai fermented sausage using microencapsulation technology. Probiotic microcapsules were created from a novel wall material made up of a combination of glutinous rice flour and inulin through a freeze-drying process. Accordingly, the results of three formulations of Nham probiotic and spontaneous fermentation (control) characterized by their physicochemical and microbiological characteristics displayed a correlation between an increase in the amount of total acidity, the population of lactic acid bacteria, and the generated TCA-soluble peptides, while the pH and total soluble protein gradually decreased under proteolysis during the fermentation time. The fractionation of Nham protein hydrolysates (NPHs) was prepared using a microwave extraction process: NPH-nham1, NPH-nham2, and NPH-nham3 (10 mg/mL with fermentation time 114 h), exhibited the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activity and FRAP-reducing power capacity as well, compared to NPH-nhamcontrol at p E. coli TISTR 073, S. aureus TISTR 029, and Ent. aerogenes TISTR 1540). Anti-microbial properties of NPHs peptides against gram-negative bacteria were higher than against gram-positive bacteria. In conclusion, the bioaccessibility of NPHs peptides was significantly enhanced by micro-encapsulation and showed a potential bioactive characteristic for developing into a probiotic agent