Green Marketing and its impact on consumer behavior

Environment friendly, so called green marketing has become a discussed subject and companies are constantly trying to find the best ways to reach the customers with their green message. Customers are becoming more demanding and they have started to pay more attention to the environment. What is important with brands is how customers perceive them, what the image of the brand is. The aim of this study is to find out how consumer behavior is influenced by Green Marketing by Companies. The research study took place in Udhampur district in Jammu & Kashmir, during the spring 2011. A questionnaire was designed in order to find out how people perceive Green marketing and how aware they are of the “environmental contribution†that is being made by the companies. The question we wanted to find a respond to where “Whether the purchasing behavior of consumers is affected if  companies go green?†The results from this illustrates that  companies need to increase their communication with the customers on going green, and that attributes like price and quality are more important than “environmental responsibilityâ€.Â

From Rejection to Acceptance: A Historical Background of English in Pakistan

This paper is a part of a Ph.D. dissertation which presents an overview of the history of English in Pakistan. In today’s global world, English has established its status as a language of power and prestige, and Pakistan is no exception. Consequently, it is valuable to highlight some historical features that make English important in Pakistani society. Pakistan shares its early history of the contact of the English language with India. In this context, there is a need to get an understanding of its historical and social roots. Therefore, this paper discusses the advent and spread of English in the Indo-Pak subcontinent. Keywords: English language, Pakistan, British rule

Comparison of Metformin with Insulin in the Management of Gestational Diabetes

Objective: Purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of metformin as opposed to insulin in management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The study took place in department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nishtar Hospital,Multan from May 2017 to March 2019. Study design is experimental prospective comparative study. Ethical approval was obtained from Hospital Ethics Committee. Sample was calculated using non probability consecutive sampling technique. Total 770 Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups, group M (metformin) and Group I (insulin). Glycemic control, mode of delivery and associated medical complication were recognized as possible maternal outcomes while congenital anomalies (if any), macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia were the neonatal outcomes assessed by clinical and laboratory investigations. These outcomes were subjected to statistical analysis by using computer software SPSS version 23. Percentages were calculated for dichotomous variables and range, mean and standard deviation was calculated for continuous data. Chi square and t-test were applied to compare the two groups. P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Overall 100% (n=770) female patients were included, in this study; divided into two equal groups 50% (n=385) in each i.e. metformin (Group M) and insulin (Group I). Significant difference was found between age (p=0.000), gravidity (p=0.012), gestational age (p=0.000), BMI in early pregnancy (p=0.000), FBS at entry (p=0.000), FBS after treatment (p=0.000), HBA1c at entry (p=0.000), HBA1c after treatment (p=0.000), in groups. Association was found between Preeclampsia (p=0.000), Pre-term birth (p=0.000), Neonatal birth weight>4 (p=0.002), neonatal hypoglycemia (p=0.000), in groups. Conclusion: This study concludes that metformin is as much effective as insulin in management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Metformin when used securely can prove effective as it does not cause any congenital anomalies or maternal or neonatal complications. But insulin still remains the gold standard for treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational Diabetes, Metformin, Insulin, Pregnancy DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/54-11 Publication date: April 30th 201

Determination of Credit Programme Participation and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Beneficiaries:Evidence from Sargodha

In Pakistan about 65 percent population live in rural areas. The rural credit markets are segmented and imperfect. Micro -credit is considered as a valuable technique to deal with imperfections of credit markets. In this study, we analysed rural credit market of District Sargodha, Pakistan to study the socio economic characteristics of the beneficiaries and identify the determinants of participation in credit programme in the year 2004-2005. To analyse characteristic the descriptive analysis was used. For identifying the factors affecting household access to credit and participation in programme, a binary Logistic regression model was employed. Results of both analyses showed that at household level, participation in credit programme was significantly related to household characteristics, where participants were indifferent to increase in rate of interest. More than 80 percent loan came from informal sector but the probability of participation significantly increased if there existed any formal financial institution.

VISUAL INSPECTION OF CERVIX WITH ACETIC ACID: A GOOD ALTERNATIVE TO PAP SMEAR FOR CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN RESOURCE LIMITIED SETING.

Objective: Determine the diagnostic accuracy of visual inspection of cervix (VIA) by using 3% acetic acid as a screening test for early and timely detection of cervical cancer when histopathology taken as the gold standard of diagnosis. Methodology: This study was conducted at Nishtar  Hospital, Multan, and the study design choose for conducting this study was Cross Sectional study method. Study was completed in one year duration from February 2018 to February 2019. All statistical data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 23. Frequencies and percentages were calculated and presented for qualitative variables like marital status. Parity, ethnic group and religion. Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) was calculated for numerical variables like duration of marriage and age. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) was calculated using two into two contingency table and histopathology was taken as the gold standard. Results: Overall, 100% (n=320) female patients were included, in this study. There were 87.2% (n=279) patients had poor socio-economic status, while 12.8% (n=41) had good socio-economic status. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of VIA and abnormal looking cervix were 81.7%, 80.7%, 51.5%, 48.5% and 81.3% respectively. Conclusion: Screening schedules are not planned and followed in Pakistan ever, so VIA is effective and always a useful diagnostic test for cervical cancer, pre-cancerous lesions can be detected at their early stage through VIA and mortality and morbidity can be reduced. Keywords: Cervical Cancer, Visual inspection, Pap smear, Diagnosis. DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/54-10 Publication date: April 30th 201

Connecting again with elders in our community: A project to stay together during COVID-19 restrictions and beyond

COVID-19 government regulations resulted in increased social isolation, risk of stress, depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and re-hospitalization. Telehealth has been highlighted as a potential bridge for healthcare needs, especially in the COVID-19 context. In response to this need our group developed a multicultural, intergenerational, community-based psychosocial intervention. We trained more than 300 volunteers who were able to provide friendly phone support in more than 17 languages to more than 600 older adults across the Greater Montreal Area who could benefit from social connection and support to access community resources. The experience has been heartwarming and facilitating enriching life experiences for seniors, volunteers, and clinicians alike. Furthermore, some preliminary observations suggest that this intervention might have positive effects on the seniors’ mental health

Role of Emotional Intelligence in Genders' Career Advancement

This study examined the role of Emotional Intelligence (EI)in genders’career advancement.Data was collected from male and female faculty members of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur and Bahudin Zakria University of Punjab in order to achieve the research goal. Six departments of social sciences and six departments of pure sciences were chosen for this purpose. Data was collected from 180 female and 120 male faculty members. The analysis was created using Daniel Goleman's EI concept to assess EI. The Self-Report Measure of EI (SRMEI) questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS was used to analyze the data by deployingthe independent samples t- test. The outcomes of the study indicated a positive association between EI and genders’ career advancement. Furthermore, the outcomes indicated that male faculty members are more emotionally intelligent than female faculty members

Willingness to Communicate in English as a Second Language: A Case Study of Pakistani Undergraduates

Willingness to communicate (WTC) construct plays an important role in second language teaching and learning. Almost any second language learner is likely to respond to a direct question, but many will not continue or initiate communication. The present study investigates Pakistani undergraduate students' perceptions of their willingness to initiate communication in English across four types of context and three types of receiver. 170 Pakistani undergraduate students participated in this quantitative study. The results reveal that Pakistani collage students’ WTC is relatively high. They preferred to initiate talk in English with friends and acquaintances rather than with strangers. Furthermore, they seemed to prefer to initiate communication in private, rather than communicating in front of a large group and public speaking. Pakistani participants were found most willing to communicate in English to small group of friends, while least willing to give a presentation in English in front of large group of strangers. Keywords: Willingness to communicate, context- type, receiver- type, Pakistani undergraduate

A Consensus Model for Group Decision Making with Hesitant Fuzzy Information

This article presents a more improved consensus-based method for dealing with multi-person decision making (MPDM) that uses hesitant fuzzy preference relations (HFPRís) that arenít in the usual format. We proposed a Lukasiewicz transitivity (TL-transitivity)-based technique for establishing normalised hesitant fuzzy preference relations (NHFPRís) at the most essential level, after that, a model based on consensus is constructed. After that, a transitive closure formula is created in order to build TL -consistent hesitant fuzzy preference relations (HFPRís) and symmetrical matrices. Afterwards, a consistency analysis is performed to determine the degree of consistency of the data given by the decision makers (DMs), as a result, the consistency weights must be assigned to them. After combining consistency weights and preset(predeÖned) priority weights, the Önal priority weights vector of DMs is obtained (if there are any). The consensus process determines either data analysis and selection of a suitable alternative should be done directly or externally. The enhancement process aims to improve the DMís consensus measure, despite the implementation of an indicator for locating sluggish points, in the circumstance that an unfavorable agreement is achieved. Finally, a comparison case demonstrates the relevance and e§ectiveness of the proposed system. The conclusions indicate that the suggested strategy can provide insight into the MPDM system

An Empirical Analysis of the Linder

This paper presents empirical evidence in support of the Linder theory of international trade for three of the South Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. This finding implies that these countries trade more intensively with countries of other regions, which may have similar per capita income levels, as predicted by Linder in his hypothesis. The contribution of this research is threefold: first, there is new information on the Linder hypothesis by focusing on South Asian countries; second, this is one of very few analyses to capture both time-series and cross-section elements of the trade relationship by employing a panel data set; third, the empirical methodology used in this analysis corrects a major shortcoming in the existing literature by using a censored dependent variable in estimation.