Структуры процессоров для вычисления мгновенного спектра по Уолшу

The work is devoted to the development of circuits for fast Walsh transform processors of the serialparallel type. The fast Walsh transform processors are designed for decoding error-correcting codes and synchronization; their use can reduce the cost of calculating the instantaneous Walsh spectrum by almost 2 times. The class of processors for computing the instantaneous spectrum according to Walsh is called serialparallel processors. Circuits of the fast Walsh transform processors of serial-parallel type have been developed. A comparative analysis of the constructed graphs of the fast Walsh transform processors is carried out. A method and a processor for calculating the Walsh transform coefficients are proposed, which allows increasing the speed of the transformations performed. When calculating the conversion coefficients using processors of parallel, serial and serial-parallel types, it was found that controllers of the serial-parallel type require 2(N–1) operations when calculating the instantaneous spectrum according to Walsh. The results obtained can be used in the design of discrete information processing devices, in telecommunication systems when coding signals for their noise-immune transmission and decoding, which ensures the optimal number of operations, and therefore the optimal hardware costs.Работа посвящена разработке схем процессоров быстрого преобразования Уолша (БПУ) последовательно-параллельного типа. Процессоры БПУ предназначены для декодирования помехоустойчивых кодов и синхронизации, их использование позволяет снизить затраты при вычислении мгновенного спектра по Уолшу практически в 2 раза. Класс процессоров для вычисления мгновенного спектра по Уолшу назван процессорами последовательно-параллельного типа. Разработаны схемы процессоров БПУ последовательно-параллельного типа. Произведен сравнительный анализ построенных графов процессоров БПУ. Предложен способ и процессор для вычисления коэффициентов преобразования по Уолшу, позволяющий увеличить скорость производимых преобразований. При вычислении коэффициентов преобразования с помощью процессоров параллельного, последовательного и последовательно-параллельного типов было установлено, что процессоры БПУ последовательно-параллельного типа требуют при вычислении мгновенного спектра по Уолшу выполнения 2(N–1) операций. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при проектировании устройств обработки дискретной информации, в телекоммуникационных системах при кодировании сигналов для их помехозащищенной передачи и декодировании, обеспечивающем оптимальное количество операций, а следовательно, оптимальные аппаратурные затраты

Structures of processors for calculating the instant Walsh spectrum

Работа посвящена разработке схем процессоров быстрого преобразования Уолша (БПУ) последовательно-параллельного типа. Процессоры БПУ предназначены для декодирования помехоустойчивых кодов и синхронизации, их использование позволяет снизить затраты при вычислении мгновенного спектра по Уолшу практически в 2 раза. Класс процессоров для вычисления мгновенного спектра по Уолшу назван процессорами последовательно-параллельного типа. Разработаны схемы процессоров БПУ последовательно-параллельного типа. Произведен сравнительный анализ построенных графов процессоров БПУ. Предложен способ и процессор для вычисления коэффициентов преобразования по Уолшу, позволяющий увеличить скорость производимых преобразований. При вычислении коэффициентов преобразования с помощью процессоров параллельного, последовательного и последовательно-параллельного типов было установлено, что процессоры БПУ последовательно-параллельного типа требуют при вычислении мгновенного спектра по Уолшу выполнения 2(N–1) операций. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при проектировании устройств обработки дискретной информации, в телекоммуникационных системах при кодировании сигналов для их помехозащищенной передачи и декодировании, обеспечивающем оптимальное количество операций, а следовательно, оптимальные аппаратурные затраты. The work is devoted to the development of circuits for fast Walsh transform processors of the serial- parallel type. The fast Walsh transform processors are designed for decoding error-correcting codes and synchronization; their use can reduce the cost of calculating the instantaneous Walsh spectrum by almost 2 times. The class of processors for computing the instantaneous spectrum according to Walsh is called serial- parallel processors. Circuits of the fast Walsh transform processors of serial-parallel type have been developed. A comparative analysis of the constructed graphs of the fast Walsh transform processors is carried out. A method and a processor for calculating the Walsh transform coefficients are proposed, which allows increasing the speed of the transformations performed. When calculating the conversion coefficients using processors of parallel, serial and serial-parallel types, it was found that controllers of the serial-parallel type require 2(N–1) operations when calculating the instantaneous spectrum according to Walsh. The results obtained can be used in the design of discrete information processing devices, in telecommunication systems when coding signals for their noise-immune transmission and decoding, which ensures the optimal number of operations, and therefore the optimal hardware costs

Secreted novel AID/APOBEC-like deaminase 1 (SNAD1) – a new important player in fish immunology

The AID/APOBECs are a group of zinc-dependent cytidine deaminases that catalyse the deamination of bases in nucleic acids, resulting in a cytidine to uridine transition. Secreted novel AID/APOBEC-like deaminases (SNADs), characterized by the presence of a signal peptide are unique among all of intracellular classical AID/APOBECs, which are the central part of antibody diversity and antiviral defense. To date, there is no available knowledge on SNADs including protein characterization, biochemical characteristics and catalytic activity. We used various in silico approaches to define the phylogeny of SNADs, their common structural features, and their potential structural variations in fish species. Our analysis provides strong evidence of the universal presence of SNAD1 proteins/transcripts in fish, in which expression commences after hatching and is highest in anatomical organs linked to the immune system. Moreover, we searched published fish data and identified previously, “uncharacterized proteins” and transcripts as SNAD1 sequences. Our review into immunological research suggests SNAD1 role in immune response to infection or immunization, and interactions with the intestinal microbiota. We also noted SNAD1 association with temperature acclimation, environmental pollution and sex-based expression differences, with females showing higher level. To validate in silico predictions we performed expression studies of several SNAD1 gene variants in carp, which revealed distinct patterns of responses under different conditions. Dual sensitivity to environmental and pathogenic stress highlights its importance in the fish and potentially enhancing thermotolerance and immune defense. Revealing the biological roles of SNADs represents an exciting new area of research related to the role of DNA and/or RNA editing in fish biology

Сжатие изображений с использованием функций Уолша

Currently, image transfer and storage require compression. In this article, the hybrid compression algorithm is used for color/black and white images. It includes the discrete wavelet transformation and the Walsh transformation that is used for quantization. The Walsh transform coefficients are quantized and arithmetically encoded. At the output, the combined data is compressed and can be stored on any device or transmitted over any available network in the shortest time. The compressed image is decoded and the original image is decompressed using the inverse conversion operation.В настоящее время для передачи и хранения изображений необходимо их сжатие. В статье предлагается алгоритм гибридного сжатия, применяемый как для цветных, так и для черно-белых изображений. Он включает в себя дискретное вейвлет-преобразование и преобразование Уолша, которое используется для квантования. Коэффициенты преобразования Уолша квантуются и подвергаются арифметическому кодированию. На выходе объединенные данные находятся в сжатой форме и могут храниться на любом устройстве либо быть переданы через любую доступную сеть за самое короткое время. Сжатое изображение декодируется, и происходит декомпрессия исходного изображения с помощью операции обратного преобразования

Specific Humoral Immunity versus Polyclonal B Cell Activation in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection of Susceptible and Resistant Mice

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 10–12 million people in Latin America. Patent parasitemia develops during acute disease. During this phase, polyclonal B cell activation has been reported to generate high levels of serum antibody with low parasite specificity, and delayed protective humoral immunity, which is necessary to prevent the host from succumbing to infection. In this manuscript, data show that relatively resistant mice have improved parasite-specific humoral immunity and decreased polyclonal B cell activation compared to susceptible mice. Parasite-specific humoral immunity was associated with differential expansion of B cell subsets and T cells in the spleen, as well as with increased Th1 and decreased Th2 cytokine production. These data suggest that host susceptibility/genetic biases impact the development of humoral responses to infection. Th2 cytokines are generally associated with improved antibody responses. In the context of T. cruzi infection of susceptible mice, Th2 cytokines were associated with increased total antibody production concomitant with delayed pathogen-specific humoral immunity. This study highlights the need to consider the effect of host biases when investigating humoral immunity to any pathogen that has reported polyclonal B cell activation during infection

On the issue of the blockchain technology perspectives. The more things change, the more they stay the same

Blockchain technologies (BC) are immutable distributed systems of digital ledgers (i.e., without central repository) and, as rule, without central authority. Currently, there is a lot of excitement around the use of BC technology, although the technology itself, on the one hand, is still not quite clear to many ones, and on the other (and this is the main thing) is not new. Superficial understanding of the BC as a phenomenon with «magical properties» leads to numerous predictions about the possibility of revolutionary transformations based on its application to entire sectors of the economy and, above all, in the credit and financial sphere. In this regard, this article presents a systematized analysis, the history of the BC emergence, leading from the international standards ISO 7498-2 of 1989 and ITU-T X.800 of 1991, as well as a brief informal definition of BC and considered are the basic principles and components of this technology, including cryptographic one-way functions (hashes), transactions, addresses and their retrieval, «digital wallets», ledgers, blocks, blockchain in operations. Representation of the BC as a sequence of blocks bounded base on known mechanisms of the data integrity with using asymmetric cryptography allows us to conclude that only its evolutionary development is possible, although at a rapid pace in real time. This is a characteristic feature of establishing modern stage of and all other IT types. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the need for additional research to assess the security and reliability of the BC in terms of assessing the prospects for its use in specific business applications and critical information infrastructure systems

Passing through half-integer resonance due to space charge under different initial distributions

The problem of space charge continues to be interesting in connection with the development of the Kaon and Neutron Facilities and the Superconducting Super Collider projects. In the former, the high average intensity of the proton beam can be reached by a super-high pick current in each acceleration cycle, giving rise to the painting procedure. In colliders, as is known, super luminosity can be reached by minimization of emittance growth under acceleration. In other words, the task consists of the beam acceleration with the maximum attainable density of current and with minimum achievable emittance growth. This is why this task arises when new accelerator projects are developed. There are at least two ways to investigate the space-charge effects on the designing stage: analytical and numerical simulations. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The numerical simulation, with its use of macro particles approximation, is very well developed but it requires a lot of computer time and has limited flexibility in the variation of the initial conditions. As a result, the numerical methods are restricted in optimization possibility. Analytical investigation gives a clearer idea about physical phenomena, but it must simplify the physical model and sometimes gives an incorrect interpretation of results. Analytical research can be divided into two types: the envelope equation method for self-consistent distribution, and the nonlinear equation for higher distribution moments. In our work we use numerical simulation as the base to achieve the correct results, but for interpretation of results the simplified analytical model is used as well