37 research outputs found

    Three-dimensional simulator: training for beginners in endovascular embolization with liquid agents

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    Background: To design a simulator for novices without prior experience in embolization with liquid agents such as n-Butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) and to evaluate the simulator using surveys and post hoc video analysis. Materials and methods: The simulator was created using computer-aided design software and three-dimensionally printed. Before an embolization, trainees completed questionnaires regarding their level of expertise and self-reported confidence level. The participants were shown an instruction video and each participant performed four embolizations on the simulator. Subsequently, the participants completed surveys on self-reported confidence level and assessed the simulator's face and content validity. Results: Five experts and twelve novices trained on the simulator. The experts were radiology residents and fellows with at least 5 years of work experience in interventional radiology. The novices were medical students and radiology residents without any previous experience with embolization. Based on the surveys, the experts assessed the simulator as very useful for embolization training. Performance, e.g. mean duration embolization between experts (mean +/- standard deviation = 189 +/- 42 s) and novices (mean +/- standard deviation = 235 +/- 66 s) were significantly different (p = .001). The overall simulation of the embolization process, simulated complications, and educational capabilities of the simulator were evaluated positively. In the novice group the self-reported confidence level significantly increased (p = .001). Conclusion: The liquid embolization simulator proposed here is a suitable educational tool for training embolization procedures. It reduces the duration of embolization procedures and improves the confidence level of beginners in embolization

    Evaluation of Open Surgical and Endovascular Treatment Options for Visceral Artery Erosions after Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Surgery

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    Purpose: To report and compare the results of endovascular and open surgical treatment for erosion bleeding of visceral arteries following pancreatitis and pancreatic surgery. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 65 consecutive patients (46 males, mean age 63 +/- 14 years) presenting with visceral artery erosions between January 2011 and December 2020. Endpoints were technical success, freedom from reintervention, stent-graft-related complications, and 30-day and one-year mortality. Results: The causes of erosion bleeding included complications of surgical treatment for the pancreas and upper gastrointestinal tract (75%), pancreatitis (19%), and spontaneous bleeding (6%). Pancreatectomy was performed in 34 (52%) patients, representing 2% of all pancreatectomy procedures (n = 1645) performed in our hospital during the study period. A total of 37 (57%) patients underwent endovascular treatment (EVT), and 28 (43%) patients had open surgery (OS) as a primary treatment. Eight of 37 (22%) patients in the EVT group underwent stent-graft treatment of the eroded vessels and 28 (78%) coil embolization. Six (9%) patients underwent reintervention with no significant differences between EVT and OS groups (11% vs. 7%, p = 0.692). Postoperative morbidity and complications in 52% of all patients were higher in the OS group than in the EVT group (41% vs. 68%, p = 0.029). The in-hospital 30-days mortality rate for all patients was 25%, and it was higher in the OS group than in the EVT group (14% vs. 39%, p = 0.017). Conclusions: An endovascular-first strategy for treating visceral arteries erosions may be preferred to reduce the complications associated with open surgery if patients are hemodynamically stable and have no anastomotic insufficiency. Endovascular treatment may be associated with better in-hospital survival when compared to primary open surgery. Further studies are required to identify the optimal approach

    Comparison of four radiofrequency ablation systems at two target volumes in an ex vivo bovine liver model

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    PURPOSEWe aimed to validate actually achieved macroscopic ablation volumes in relation to calculated target volumes using four different radiofrequency ablation (RFA) systems operated with default settings and protocols for 3 cm and 5 cm target volumes in ex vivo bovine liver.MATERIALS AND METHODSSixty-four cuboid liver specimens were ablated with four commercially available RFA systems (Radionics Cool-tip, AngioDynamic 1500X, Boston Scientific RF 3000, Celon CelonPower LAB): 16 specimens for each system; eight for 3 cm, and eight for 5 cm. Ablation diameters were measured, volumes were calculated, and RFA times were recorded.RESULTSFor the 3 cm target ablation volume, all tested RFA systems exceeded the mathematically calculated volume of 14.14 cm3. For the 3 cm target ablation volume, mean ablation volume and mean ablation time for each RFA system were as follows: 28.5±6.5 cm3, 12.0±0.0 min for Radionics Cool-tip; 17.1±4.9 cm3, 9.36±0.63 min for AngioDynamic 1500X; 29.7±11.7 cm3, 4.60±0.50 min for Boston Scientific RF 3000; and 28.8±7.0 cm3, 20.85±0.86 min for Celon CelonPower LAB. For the 5 cm target ablation volume, Radionics Cool-tip (48.3±9.9 cm3, 12.0±0.0 min) and AngioDynamic 1500X (39.4±16.2 cm3, 19.59±1.13 min) did not reach the mathematically calculated target ablation volume (65.45 cm3), whereas Boston Scientific RF 3000 (71.8±14.5 cm3, 9.15±2.93 min) and Celon CelonPower LAB (93.9±28.1 cm3, 40.21±1.78 min) exceeded it.CONCLUSIONWhile all systems reached the 3 cm target ablation volume, results were variable for the 5 cm target ablation volume. Only Boston Scientific RF 3000 and Celon CelonPower LAB created volumes above the target, whereas Radionics Cool-tip and AngioDynamic 1500X remained below the target volume. For the 3 cm target ablation volume, AngioDynamic 1500X with 21% deviation was closest to the target volume. For the 5 cm target volume Boston Scientific RF 3000 with 10% deviation was closest

    Fluid preinjection for microwave ablation in an ex vivo bovine liver model assessed with volumetry in an open MRI system

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    PURPOSEWe aimed to detect possible differences in microwave ablation (MWA) volumes after different fluid preinjections using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MATERIALS AND METHODSMWA volumes were created in 50 cuboid ex vivo bovine liver specimens (five series: control [no injection], 10 mL water, 10 mL 0.9% NaCl, 10 mL 6% NaCl, and 10 mL 12% NaCl preinjections; n=10 for each series). The operating frequency (915 megahertz), ablation time (7 min), and energy supply (45 watts) were constant. Following MWA, two MR sequences were acquired, and MR volumetry was performed for each sequence.RESULTSFor both sequences, fluid preinjection did not lead to significant differences in MWA ablation volumes compared to the respective control group (sequence 1: mean MWA volumes ranged from 7.0±1.2 mm [water] to 7.8±1.3 mm [12% NaCl] vs. 7.3±2.1 mm in the control group; sequence 2: mean MWA volumes ranged from 4.9±1.4 mm [12% NaCl] to 5.5±1.9 mm [0.9% NaCl] vs. 4.7±1.6 mm in the control group). The ablation volumes visualized with the two sequences differed significantly in general (P < 0.001) and between the respective groups (control, P ≀ 0.001; water, P < 0.001; 0.9% NaCl, P < 0.001; 6% NaCl, P ≀ 0.001; 12% NaCl, P < 0.001). The volumes determined with sequence 1 were closer to the expected ablation volume of 8 mL compared to those determined with sequence 2.CONCLUSIONFor the fluid qualities and concentrations assessed, there is no evidence that fluid preinjection results in larger coagulation volumes after MWA. Because ablation volumes determined by MRI vary with the sequence used, interventionalists should gain experience in how to interpret postinterventional imaging findings (with the MR scanner, sequences, and parameters used) to accurately estimate the outcome of the interventions they perform

    Establishment of a DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System at an epidemiological university institute including the areas of scientific research and teaching

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    GesamtdissertationZielsetzung: Anwendung der DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 auf ein UniversitĂ€tsinstitut epidemiologischer Ausrichtung, inklusive der Bereiche Forschung und Lehre, am Beispiel des Institutes fĂŒr Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsökonomie der CharitĂ© UniversitĂ€tsmedizin Berlin. Material und Methoden: Der Prozeß der Entwicklung und Verfeinerung des QualitĂ€tsmanagementsystems wird in allen wesentlichen Schritten (etwa der Darstellung der klassischen Prozesse fĂŒr die Arbeitsbereiche des Institutes, der EinfĂŒhrung interner normkonformer Audits, oder der Schaffung und Verbesserung eines verbindlichen Regelwerks in Form eines QM-Handbuchs) bis zur erfolgreichen Zertifizierung beschrieben. Ergebnisse: Das Institut fĂŒr Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsökonomie etablierte das QualitĂ€tsmanagementsystem eigenstĂ€ndig, ohne externe professionelle Berater. Es wurde von einer autorisierten DIN-akkreditierten PrĂŒfstelle zertifiziert. Die Zertifizierung schließt die Bereiche Forschung und Lehre des Institutes komplett mit ein. Auch die epidemiologische Ausrichtung mit stark dateneingebender und datenverarbeitender TĂ€tigkeit erwies sich als zertifizierbar. Der Abgleich mit zwingenden Aspekten der Norm konnte innerhalb etwa eines Jahres vollzogen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Sobald die erforderlichen Daten vorliegen, sollte eine genauere Quantifizierung des Nutzens der Zertifizierung angestrebt werden. Themen wie QualitĂ€tsmanagement als strategische Investitionsentscheidung oder das marktstrategische Moment einer Zertifizierung könnten ebenso Gegenstand zukĂŒnftiger Untersuchungen sein, wie der Einfluß einer Zertifizierung auf den Lebenszyklus eines Institutes, oder Zertifizierung als Mittel zur Abgrenzung gegen unseriöse Institute.Purpose: Establishment of DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 at a university institute with epidemiological focus, including the areas of scientific research and teaching, exemplary for the Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics at CharitĂ© - University Medical Center, Berlin. Materials and Methods: Description of the process of development and refinement of the quality management system regarding all crucial steps (e.g. presentation of classical processes within the different fields of work at the institute, the implementation of internal norm-consistent audits, or the creation and amelioration of the QM-Handbook) towards successful certification. Results: The Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Economics established the quality management system independently, without external professional consultants. It has been certified by a DIN-accredited inspection authority. The certification includes the areas of scientific research and teaching completely. Also, the epidemiological focus with sound data-input and data-processing operations proved compatible with certification. Imperative aspects of the norm were fulfilled within one year. Conclusion: As soon as required data is available, one should seek further quantification of the benefits of the certification. Topics like quality management as a strategic investment decision or the market strategic momentum of certification could become subject for further analyses, as well as the influence of certification on the life-cycle of institutes or certification as an instrument of separation from shady institutes

    Quality assurance, process optimization and quantitative turnaround time analyses of high quantity in university radiology with particular attention to interventional radiology

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    Ziel und Methodik Die im Rahmen dieser kumulativen Promotionsschrift vorgestellten Publikationen befassen sich mit QualitĂ€tssicherung (A.; n=2), Prozessoptimierung (B.; n=3) und Befundzeitanalysen (C.; n=2) in der universitĂ€ren Radiologie unter besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung der Interventionellen Radiologie. Übergeordnetes Ziel ist zu einer bestmöglichen QuantitĂ€t und QualitĂ€t der Leistungserbringung durch Maßnahmen zu A., B. und C. beizutragen und institutsintern auf eine effiziente Ressourcenallokation hinzuwirken. Ergebnisse Zu A. (QualitĂ€tssicherung in der Radiologie – QualitĂ€tsmanagementsysteme und konkrete Anwendung) konnte in der konkreten Anwendung zur Validierung CT-gestĂŒtzter Biopsien geschlussfolgert werden, dass hĂ€ufige CT-gestĂŒtzte Biopsiepraxis des durchfĂŒhrenden Interventionalisten eher mit geringeren Komplikationen einhergeht als seine grundsĂ€tzliche Erfahrung in Jahren. Patientenalter ist ein signifikanter Einflussfaktor auf Komplikationen bei CT-gestĂŒtzten Biopsien, was grundsĂ€tzlich zu einem erhöhten Risiko/Nutzen-VerhĂ€ltnis fĂŒhrt. ErwartungsgemĂ€ĂŸ erhöht das Alter ebenfalls signifikant das Risiko fĂŒr ein malignes Biopsieergebnis. Komplikationen und ein malignes Biopsieergebnis waren nicht signifikant assoziiert. CT-gestĂŒtzte Biopsien induzierten in ĂŒber 50% eine TherapieĂ€nderung. Zu B. (Prozessoptimierung – Schlanke Strukturen in der Patientenversorgung mit endovaskulĂ€ren Stents in der Interventionellen Radiologie (lean manufacturing, value stream mapping und process mapping)) konnte konstatiert werden, dass die ökonomische Terminologie des lean manufacturing und des Toyota-Produktionssystems, einschließlich VSM, genutzt werden kann, um Prozesse bei der Beschaffung von GefĂ€ĂŸstents in der Interventionellen Radiologie aus ökonomischer Sicht zu visualisieren, besser zu verstehen und effizient zu organisieren (I.), dass VSM als Visualisierungsinstrument fĂŒr die Lieferkette (supply chain) und den Wertstrom (value stream) zur Eliminierung von nicht-wertschöpfenden Ineffizienzen bei der Beschaffung und Bereitstellung von endovaskulĂ€ren Stents genutzt werden kann (II.), und dass process mapping zum Streamlining / zur Rationalisierung von Workflow, insbesondere in universitĂ€rer, interdisziplinĂ€r, klinisch-hochspezialisierter Infrastruktur der PTA und Stentbehandlung, angewendet werden kann (III.). Zu C. (Befundzeitanalysen teleradiologischer (n > 10.000) und intensivmedizinischer (n > 75.000) Untersuchungen) konnte geschlussfolgert werden, dass die im Beobachtungszeitraum gestiegenen Untersuchungszahlen bei nahezu gleich gebliebenen Befundzeiten auf eine sinnvolle Eingliederung der Teleradiologie in den radiologischen Workflow und auf eine Effizienzsteigerung hindeuten (I.) und dass im Verlauf der betrachteten drei Jahre insgesamt trotz Erhöhung der ITS-Gesamtfallzahlen eine VerkĂŒrzung der Befund- und Freigabezeiten nachgewiesen werden konnte (II.). Schlussfolgerung Mit der Maßgabe, stets bestmögliche QuantitĂ€t und QualitĂ€t der Leistungserbringung zu gewĂ€hrleisten, können institutsinterne Maßnahmen dieser Art genutzt werden, um auf eine effiziente Ressourcenallokation hinzuwirken.Aim and Methods The publications on which this cumulative thesis is based deal with quality assurance (A, n=2), process optimization (B, n=3), and reporting time analyses (C, n=2) in a university department of radiology with a focus on interventional procedures. The overarching aim of these studies was to make a contribution to an optimal and efficient delivery of medical care in terms of A, B, and C and proposing internal measures to ensure more efficient allocation of resources within the department. Results With regard to part A (quality assurance in radiology – quality management systems and concrete application), investigation of the concrete application for the validation of CT-guided biopsies indicates that constant practice and frequent CT-guided biopsies appear to be more relevant for lowering the complication rate than the interventionalist’s general level of experience (measured in years). Patient age was a significant factor for complications of CT-guided biopsies with the risk-benefit ratio increasing with age. As expected, age also significantly increased the risk of a malignant biopsy result. Complications and malignant biopsy results were not significantly associated. CT-guided biopsies led to a change in treatment in more than 50% of cases. Regarding part B (process optimization – lean structures in patient care with endovascular stents in Interventional Radiology (lean manufacturing, value stream mapping (VSM), and process mapping)), it was shown that the economic terminology of lean manufacturing and of the Toyota Production System including VSM can be applied to visualize, to better understand, and to more efficiently organize the procurement of vascular stents in Interventional Radiology from an economic point of view (I), that VSM can be used as a visualization tool for eliminating non-value added waste from the supply chain and value stream of endosvascular stent procurement and provision (II), and that process mapping is suitable to streamline workflow, especially in the interdisciplinary and highly specialized environment required for PTA and endovascular stent procedures (III). The investigations pertaining to part C (reporting time analyses in teleradiology (n >10,000 examinations) and intensive care (n >75,000 examinations)) show that, despite increasing numbers of teleradiological examinations during the 3-year study period, reporting times remained nearly constant. These findings confirm the successful integration of teleradiology into the department’s routine workflow and suggest that efficiency has improved (I). Despite the overall increase in intensive care cases, reporting times and report turnaround times were even shortened (II). Conclusion With a view to always ensuring optimal quantity and quality in the provision of medical care, internal measures in a radiological department as analyzed here can be used to contribute to a more efficient allocation of resources

    Magnetic resonance imaging and interventions in an open 1-Tesla scanner

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    Ziel der im Rahmen dieser Habilitationsschrift vorgestellten und zusammengefassten Veröffentlichungen war es, Anwendungen der 1 T Magnetresonanztomographie bei offenem Scannerkonzept unter BerĂŒcksichtigung der Optionen in diagnostischer Bildgebung (1.), experimenteller Intervention (2.) und humaner Interventionen an der WirbelsĂ€ule (3.) zu evaluieren und wenn möglich zu erweitern. Die diagnostische Bildgebung wurde bei ausgeprĂ€gt fettleibigen Patienten und in der nativen GefĂ€ĂŸdarstellung in einem offenen MRT bei 1 T evaluiert, zudem gelang weltweit erstmals die nahezu-Echtzeit- Bildgebung der Austreibungs- und Plazentar-Periode in der Magnetresonanztomographie (Publikationen 1-3). Bei einem Kollektiv von drei Adipositas Grad II (35-39,99) und 23 Grad III (BMI ≄ 40) Patienten (WHO Klassifikation), bei denen Untersuchungen per CT, Standard-Tunnel-MRT oder Sonographie nicht möglich oder nicht zielfĂŒhrend waren, konnten relevante neue Diagnosen in 30 % (8/26) identifiziert werden. Die zur Überweisung fĂŒhrende medizinische Verdachtsdiagnose konnte als Ursache fĂŒr den jeweiligen medizinischen Zustand in 53 % (14/26) ausgeschlossen werden. Im Vergleich zu einem normgewichtigen Patientenkollektiv konnte eine geringere, aber oftmals suffiziente BildqualitĂ€t, die anhand von SNR und CNR quantifiziert wurde, aufgezeigt werden (Publikation 1). Die native MR-TOF GefĂ€ĂŸdarstellung der unteren ExtremitĂ€t wurde mit der DSA in einem prospektiven Design an sieben Patienten (Durchschnittsalter 68 Jahre) verglichen. Hierzu wurden 1134 GefĂ€ĂŸdurchmesser an 81 fĂŒr MR-TOF Angiographie und DSA korrespondierenden Messpunkten gemessen. Das beschriebene MR-TOF Angiographie Protokoll war bei einem Zeitaufwand von 60-90 Minuten durchfĂŒhrbar. WĂ€hrend eine solide Korrelation der arteriellen Hauptstrombahn im Becken und Oberschenkel aufgezeigt werden konnte, verzeichnete der Unterschenkel-GefĂ€ĂŸverlauf ein Mischbild an guten wie auch nicht soliden bzw. nicht verwertbaren Korrelationen. DarstellungsbeeintrĂ€chtigungen ergeben sich insbesondere, wenn das darzustellende GefĂ€ĂŸ vom orthogonalen Verlauf der gesetzten Flussebene abweicht (1.) und wenn die Signalausbeute aufgrund geringen GefĂ€ĂŸkalibers klein ist (2.) (Publikation 2). Erstmalig konnte gezeigt werden, dass CTG- ĂŒberwachte nahezu-Echtzeit-Bildgebung wĂ€hrend der Austreibungs- und Plazentar- Periode in einem offenen MRT bei 1 T möglich ist. Die erreichte BildqualitĂ€t scheint geeignet, um in zukĂŒnftigen Studien einen Erkenntnisbeitrag fĂŒr Modelle der Geburtssimulation zu leisten bzw. ggf. diese zu erweitern. Experimentelle Interventionen wurden ex vivo und in vivo durchgefĂŒhrt (Publikationen 4 und 5): Ex vivo wurde das Ausmaß von Mikrowellen-Ablationen (MWA) in boviner Leber nach verschiedenen FlĂŒssigkeitsinjektionen durch MR Volumetrie erfasst, in vivo wurden porcine renale sympathische Denervationen mittels periarterieller Ethanolinjektion vorgenommen. Die MWA (n = 50) fĂŒhrten fĂŒr die evaluierten FlĂŒssigkeitsarten, -mengen bzw. -konzentrationen (10 ml H2O, 10 ml 0,9 % NaCl, 10 ml 6 % NaCl, 10 ml 12 % NaCl) im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe jeweils zu keiner signifikanten VergrĂ¶ĂŸerung des visualisierten Ablationsvolumens. Die in zwei verschiedenen Sequenzen visualisierten Ablationsvolumina zeigten jedoch sowohl allgemein einen signifikanten Unterschied zueinander (p < 0,001), wie auch zwischen den jeweiligen Gruppen (Kontrollgruppen, p ≀ 0,001; H2O, p < 0,001; 0,9 % NaCl, p < 0,001; 6 % NaCl, p ≀ 0,001; 12 % NaCl, p < 0,001). Es scheint wichtig, als Interventionalist Erfahrung in der Interpretation postinterventioneller Bildgebung zu sammeln und insbesondere mit dem jeweiligen MRT, den verwendeten spezifischen Sequenzen und Parametern gut vertraut zu sein, um postinterventionelle Ergebnisse auch akkurat einschĂ€tzen zu können (Publikation 4). Die renale sympathische Denervation durch periarterielle Ethanolinjektion erwies sich im Schweinemodell als durchfĂŒhrbar und bei Behandlung mit 10 ml Ethanol sowohl bzgl. neuraler Degeneration als auch bzgl. Reduktion der Noradrenalin- Konzentration (53 % im Vergleich zur Gegenseite; p < 0,02) als wirksam. Die Technik könnte eine potenzielle Alternative zur Katheter-basierten Behandlung therapierefraktĂ€ren arteriellen Bluthochdrucks darstellen (Publikation 5). Optionen fĂŒr humane Interventionen an der WirbelsĂ€ule in einem offenen Scannerkonzept wurden fĂŒr minimal invasive Aspiration symptomatischer lumbosakraler Zysten, periradikulĂ€re lumbosakrale Schmerztherapie, WirbelsĂ€uleninterventionen unter Nutzung einer Schmetterlings-Spule (engl.: „butterfly coil“) und fĂŒr Facettengelenksinfiltrationen aufgezeigt (Publikationen 6-9). Mit einem technischen Erfolg bei sieben von initial elf lumbosakralen Zystenaspirationen (63 %) besitzt die lumbosakrale Zystenaspiration im offenen Scannerkonzept in Kombination mit abgestimmten interaktiven Sequenzen großes Potenzial, zumal wesentliche Vorteile insbesondere in der minimalen InvasivitĂ€t mit konsekutiv geringerem Trauma, geringerem Stress und geringeren unerwĂŒnschten Wirkungen im Vergleich zu chirurgischen Optionen zu erwarten sind (Publikation 6). 249 periradikulĂ€re lumbosakrale Nervenwurzelinfiltrationen konnten bei 141 Patienten in nahezu- Echtzeit-Bildgebung genau, sicher und wirksam in der Behandlung konservativ refraktĂ€rer radikulĂ€rer Schmerzsyndrome angewandt werden: Von insgesamt 103 in die Auswertung eingeschlossenen Patienten (197 Injektionen) berichteten 14,6 % eine komplette Remission des radikulĂ€ren Schmerzes, 53,4 % eine signifikante, 22,3 % eine milde und 9,7 % keine Schmerzlinderung. Es zeigte sich eine signifikante Abnahme der visuellen Analogskala-Bewertung im sechsmonatigen Beobachtungszeitraum (p < 0,001). Die Technik kann insbesondere aufgrund der fehlenden Strahlenexposition eine interessante Alternative zu fluoroskopisch- oder CT-gestĂŒtzter lumbosakraler Schmerztherapie darstellen, vor allem bei jungen Patienten und Patienten, bei denen die Prozedur mehrmals wiederholt werden muss (Publikation 7). Die an 15 Patienten per qualitativer und quantitativer Bildanalyse (inklusive Erhebung von Werten fĂŒr Kontrast, SNR, CNR und FWHM) evaluierte Schmetterlings-Spule kann als valide Alternative zur konventionell genutzten Ringspule fĂŒr Interventionen angewendet werden, insbesondere wenn Patienten nicht in Seitenlage liegen können (bzw. dies nicht prĂ€ferieren), oder wenn Bauchlagerung des Patienten einen gĂŒnstigeren Zugang zur Zielzone erwarten lĂ€sst (Publikation 8). 166 MRT-gestĂŒtzte lumbosakrale Facettengelenksinfiltrationen konnten bei 45 Patienten genau, sicher und wirksam zur symptomatischen Therapie von Schmerzen im unteren RĂŒcken beitragen: Von insgesamt 38 in die Auswertung eingeschlossenen Patienten berichteten 63 % (24 Patienten) eine unmittelbare Wirkung, nach drei Monaten 40 % (15 Patienten), nach 6 Monaten 34 % (13 Patienten) und nach zwölf Monaten 24 % (neun Patienten) einen anhaltenden positiven Effekt. Es zeigte sich in diesem Beobachtungszeitraum eine signifikante Abnahme der visuellen Analogskala-Bewertung (p < 0,01) von 7,1 ± 1,7 zu 3,5 ± 2,2, 4,1 ± 3,0, 3,8 ± 2,9 und 4,6 ± 2,9 im zwölften Monat. Die Methode ist eine strahlenfreie Alternative zu fluoroskopisch- und CT-gestĂŒtzter Bildgebung bei vergleichbaren klinischen Ergebnissen (Publikation 9). Das offene Scannerkonzept kann die Möglichkeiten fĂŒr Bildgebung und Intervention erweitern. UnabhĂ€ngig von Scannerkonzept und FeldstĂ€rke wird kontinuierliche und konsequente interdisziplinĂ€re Forschung zeigen mĂŒssen, ob und wie eine weitere Diversifizierung des Spektrums und insbesondere die Realisierung komplexerer MRT Interventionen zum Wohle der Patienten gelingt.The aim of the publications presented and summarized in this habilitation thesis was to evaluate and, if possible expand, applications of 1-T magnetic resonance imaging in an open scanner. Specifically, the publications explored options in diagnostic imaging (1), experimental interventions (2), and human interventions on the spine (3). Diagnostic imaging in an open 1-T scanner was evaluated in extremely obese patients and for vascular imaging without contrast medium. Moreover, the world's first near-real-time monitoring of the fetal and placental expulsion period using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was accomplished (publications 1-3). In a population of obese patients - including three with WHO class II obesity (BMI 35 to 39.99) and 23 with class III (BMI ≄ 40) - in whom computed tomography (CT), MRI in a normal-bore scanner, or ultrasonography were not possible or not conclusive, imaging in the open scanner yielded relevant new diagnoses in 30% of cases (8/26). The tentative medical diagnosis leading to referral could be ruled out as the cause of the particular medical condition in 53% (14/26). Compared to a normal-weight patient group, image quality, which was quantified on the basis of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), was lower, but often sufficient (publication 1). Non-contrast-enhanced time-of-flight MR angiography (TOF-MRA) of the lower extremity was compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in a prospective design in seven patients (mean age 68 years). A total of 1134 vascular diameters in 81 corresponding sites were prospectively measured by TOF-MRA and DSA in seven patients. It took 60 – 90 minutes to perform the TOF-MRA protocol used in this study. While a strong correlation was demonstrated for the main arteries in the pelvis and thigh, the levels below the knee showed a mixed picture of good but also non-solid or non-utilizable correlations. TOF-MRA can be degraded especially if the vessel to be depicted is not orthogonal to the imaging plane (1) and if the vessel caliber is small and signal yield is poor (2) (publication 2). For the first time, it was demonstrated that CTG-monitored near-real-time imaging during the fetal and placental expulsion period is possible in an open 1-T MRI system. The image quality appears suitable to gain new insights in future studies, which might contribute to models of birth simulation or their further development. Experimental interventions were performed ex vivo and in vivo (publications 4 and 5): ex vivo, the extent of microwave ablation (MWA) in bovine liver was assessed after different fluid preinjections using MR volumetry; in vivo porcine renal sympathetic denervation was performed using periarterial ethanol injection. The MWA procedures (n = 50) performed with different types of liquid, amounts, and concentrations (10 ml H2O, 10 ml of 0.9 % NaCl, 10 ml of 6 % NaCl, 10 ml of 12 % NaCl) did not result in a significant increase in visualized ablation volumes compared to controls. However, the ablation volumes visualized with two different pulse sequences were significantly different from each other (p <0.001), and there were also significant differences in ablation volumes depending on the respective type of preinjection (control groups, p ≀ 0.001; H2O, p < 0.001; 0.9% NaCl, p < 0.001; 6 % NaCl, p ≀ 0.001; 12 % NaCl, p <0.001). It seems important for an Interventionalist to gather experience in interpreting postinterventional imaging findings and in particular to be familiar with the MR scanner, the pulse sequences, and imaging parameters used in order to interpret postinterventional findings correctly (publication 4). Renal sympathetic denervation by periarterial ethanol injection in a pig model proved to be feasible and, when performed with 10 ml of ethanol, effective, in terms of both neural degeneration and reduction of norepinephrine levels (53 % compared to the contralateral side, p < 0.02). The technique might be a potential alternative to catheter-based treatment of refractory arterial hypertension (publication 5). The feasibility of human interventions on the spine in an open MRI scanner was demonstrated for minimally invasive aspiration of symptomatic lumbosacral cysts, peri-radicular lumbosacral pain therapy, spinal interventions using a butterfly coil, and facet joint infiltrations (publications 6-9). With technical success in seven of eleven interventions (63%), lumbosacral cyst aspiration in an open scanner, in conjunction with the use of dedicated interactive pulse sequences, has great potential, especially since the minimal invasiveness offers significant advantages by reducing trauma, stress, and adverse effects compared with surgery (publication 6). A total of 249 periradicular lumbosacral nerve root infiltrations in 141 patients were performed accurately, safely, and effectively using near-real- time imaging for the treatment of radicular pain syndromes refractory to conservative treatment: from a total of 103 patients (197 injections) included in the evaluation, 14.6 % reported complete relief of radicular pain, 53.4 % significant relief, 22.3 % mild relief, and 9.7 % no pain relief. There was a significant decrease in the visual analog scale ratings over the six-month observation period (p < 0.001). The technique is an interesting alternative to fluoroscopy- or CT-assisted lumbosacral pain treatment because it does not involve radiation exposure, which is especially important in young patients and in patients in whom the procedure must be repeated several times (publication 7). The butterfly coil was evaluated in 15 patients by qualitative and quantitative image analysis (including determination of contrast, SNR, CNR, and FWHM), and the results show that it is a valid alternative to a conventional single-loop surface coil, particularly if patients cannot (or prefer not to) be in a lateral decubitus position, or if prone positioning enables better access to the target zone (publication 8). A total of 166 MR-guided lumbosacral facet joint infiltrations were performed accurately, safely, and effectively, contributing to the symptomatic treatment of low back pain in 45 patients: of a total of 38 patients included in the analysis, 63 % (24 patients) reported a direct effect, 40 % (15 patients) after three months, and 34 % (13 patients) after 6 months; and 24 % (nine patients) reported a sustained positive effect after 12 months. Over the 12-month observation period, visual analog scale assessment decreased significantly (p < 0.01) from 7.1 ± 1.7 to 3.5 ± 2.2, 4.1 ± 3.0, 3.8 ± 2.9, and 4.6 ± 2.9. The method is a radiation-free alternative to fluoroscopy- and CT-guided imaging with comparable clinical outcomes (publication 9). The use of an open MRI scanner can expand the range of imaging indications and interventions. Regardless of the MR scanner type and the field strength used, we need continuous and targeted interdisciplinary research to show whether and how further diversification of the spectrum of interventions and in particular the establishment of more complex MRI-guided interventions can be accomplished and will benefit our patients

    Chronic post-traumatic high-flow priapism treated with temporary gelatin sponge embolization

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    We report the case of a 26-year-old man who presented with a non-painful priapism with a history of 3 months permanent erection after suffering a perineal trauma. An arteriocorporal fistula with a turbulent flow between the right cavernosal artery and the corpus cavernosum, conclusive for a high-flow priapism was initially detected by colour Doppler ultrasound. A superselective embolization with Gelatin sponge was safe and effective to treat the high-flow priapism. The use of gelatin sponge resulted in a temporary embolization with long-term effect of penile detumescence and preservation of erectile function

    Endometrial stromal sarcoma

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    with selective polyvinyl alcohol embolization of a pulmonary metastasis after recurrent hemoptysis and expansive growt
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