41 research outputs found
Cardiac Dyssynchrony as a Pathophysiologic Factor of Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Role of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Functional mitral regurgitation, a common problem in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, has a strong negative impact on prognosis. Beneficial effects of surgical treatment in functional mitral regurgitation are still a matter of debate. Thus, cardiac dyssynchrony, a factor involved in functional mitral regurgitation pathophysiology, may become a therapeutic target in patients with this condition. This part of the book presents the pathophysiology of functional mitral regurgitation as a dynamic process, with particular emphasis on cardiac dyssynchrony, as both a contributor to functional mitral regurgitation and a target for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The underlying mechanisms of success and failure in the resynchronization therapy are discussed, along with therapeutic approaches to symptomatic patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and significant persistent functional mitral regurgitation
The use of octreotide in the symptomatic treatment of patients with neuroendocrine tumours: a single-centre experience
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours originating from endocrine cells
scattered throughout the body and which form the diffuse endocrine system. Functioning tumours produce
hormones or catecholamines which are responsible for the characteristic clinical picture.
Surgery is the treatment of choice for patients with NETs, although it can rarely be radical. Somatostatin
analogues play an important role in the drug treatment of NETs, as they effectively control the signs and
symptoms of the excessive release of hormones by these tumours. Treatment with somatostatin analogues
improves the quality of life for the patient and prolongs survival.
We report on four patients with neuroendocrine tumours managed with somatostatin analogues: one male
patient with carcinoid syndrome; one female patient with clinical manifestations of functioning VIPoma; and
two male patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome.Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of tumours originating from endocrine cells
scattered throughout the body and which form the diffuse endocrine system. Functioning tumours produce
hormones or catecholamines which are responsible for the characteristic clinical picture.
Surgery is the treatment of choice for patients with NETs, although it can rarely be radical. Somatostatin
analogues play an important role in the drug treatment of NETs, as they effectively control the signs and
symptoms of the excessive release of hormones by these tumours. Treatment with somatostatin analogues
improves the quality of life for the patient and prolongs survival.
We report on four patients with neuroendocrine tumours managed with somatostatin analogues: one male
patient with carcinoid syndrome; one female patient with clinical manifestations of functioning VIPoma; and
two male patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome
Treatment and monitoring post transplant diabetes mellitus in patients after kidney transplantation
Pacjenci po przeszczepieniu nerki cechuj膮 si臋 du偶ym
ryzykiem rozwoju cukrzycy potransplantacyjnej
(PTDM). Nast臋pstwa kliniczne tej choroby, do kt贸rych
nale偶y zwi臋kszone ryzyko zgon贸w, g艂贸wnie
z przyczyn sercowo-naczyniowych, s膮 bardzo powa偶ne
i stanowi膮 istotny problem spo艂eczny. Prewencja,
wczesne wykrywanie i skuteczne leczenie stwarzaj膮
szans臋 na popraw臋 tej niekorzystnej prognozy.
W chwili wykrycia PTDM zaleca si臋 modyfikacj臋 stylu
偶ycia prowadzaj膮c膮 do zmniejszenia masy cia艂a poprzez
zwi臋kszenie aktywno艣ci fizycznej i prozdrowotne
zmiany w diecie. W miar臋 mo偶liwo艣ci redukuje
si臋 dawki glikokortykosteroid贸w (co mo偶e nasili膰
epizody ostrego odrzucania) oraz dokonuje si臋 konwersji
z takrolimusu do cyklosporyny. Niekt贸ry autorzy
wypracowali algorytm post臋powania w PTDM.
Je艣li warto艣ci glikemii w osoczu krwi 偶ylnej mieszcz膮
si臋 w przedziale 130-180, zaleca si臋 diet臋 cukrzycow膮;
w przypadku braku zadowalaj膮cych efekt贸w,
a tak偶e przy wi臋kszych warto艣ciach glikemii wynosz膮cych
181-250 mg/dl, wprowadza si臋 doustne leki
hipoglikemizuj膮ce. Powinno si臋 je stosowa膰 bardzo
ostro偶nie, a rodzaj leku i dawk臋 nale偶y indywidualnie
dobra膰 dla ka偶dego chorego. Przy warto艣ciach
glikemii na czczo powy偶ej 250 mg/dl konieczne jest
leczenie insulin膮. W terapii cukrzycy r贸wnie wa偶na
jest w艂a艣ciwa kontrola ci艣nienia t臋tniczego i gospodarki
lipidowej.
Niew膮tpliwie prewencja i leczenie PTDM stanowi膮 wa偶ny
element kompleksowej opieki nad pacjentem po
przeszczepieniu nerki.People who are a kidney transplant recipients are at
high risk of developing diabetes (PTDM). This can
lead to significant complications being a major cause
of death. So early diagnosis and effective treatment
are necessary to improve the prognosis and
quality of patient’s live. After transplantation, an
aggressive program should include life style intervention
such as exercise training and reduce obesity to
minimize the risk of PTDM. When diabetes develops,
the dose of corticosteroids should be reduced as soon
as possible. Any reduction in corticosteroid dose should
be balanced against the possible increased risk
of graft rejection. Transplant recipients who develop
PTDM while receiving the tacrolimus may also
benefit from a switch to the less diabetogenic agent
cyclosporine. In patients with fasting blood glucose
values of 130-180 mg/dl, the initial intervention is
dietary restriction of concentrated sugars. Patients,
who are refractory to dietary control or those with fasting blood glucose values of 181-250 mg/dl are
usually started an oral hypoglycemic agents ( the choice
of drugs should be made by the physician for each
person ). People with fasting blood glucose values > 250 mg/dl or those who are unresponsive to oral
hypoglycaemic agents need insulin. Good controlling
of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia is also important.
Use statins and ACE inhibitors is particularly
helpful.
The prevention and treatment of PTDM is an important
part of the care of people who undergo kidney
transplantation
Czynniki ryzyka wyst膮pienia zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej po przeszczepieniu nerki
Introduction: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM), pre-diabetes-impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose
(IFG) are frequent complications after organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of PTDM, IFG and IGT in
a group of renal transplant recipients, to compare the frequency of glucose metabolism disorders in subjects treated with tacrolimus and
with cyclosporine, and to establish the influence of different risk factors on the development of glucose metabolism disorders.
Material and methods: We examined 206 non-diabetic kidney allograft recipients (age 46.4 ± 12.3 years, time since transplantation 45.5 ±
± 33.6 months, BMI 26.3 ± 4.5 kg/m2). Glucose metabolism disorders were diagnosed using an oral glucose tolerance test. Logistic regression
was used to assess the influence of each risk factor (age, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, the presence of cardiovascular
disease, positive family history of diabetes, cholesterol and triglycerides concentration) on the development of glucose metabolism disorders.
Results: In 103 patients (50%), we diagnosed glucose metabolism disorders. 19% of patients had PTDM, 14% IFG, and 17% IGT. We did
not find any differences in the frequency of glucose metabolism disorders between patients treated with tacrolimus and with cyclosporine.
Multivariate analysis identified BMI and a family history of diabetes as independent risk factors of glucose metabolism disorders.
Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of glucose metabolism disorders in the examined group. This suggests that kidney transplant
recipients should be screened for these disturbances. Patients with higher BMI and with first-degree relatives with diabetes had an increased
risk of glucose metabolism disorders after kidney transplantation.Wst臋p: Cukrzyca potransplantacyjna (PTDM) jak r贸wnie偶 stan przedcukrzycowy — nieprawid艂owa glikemia na czczo (IFG) i nieprawid艂owa
tolerancja glukozy (IGT) s膮 jednymi z cz臋stszych powik艂a艅 po przeszczepieniu narz膮du. Celem pracy by艂a ocena cz臋sto艣ci wyst臋powania
PTDM, IFG i IGT u os贸b po przeszczepieniu nerki, por贸wnanie cz臋sto艣ci wyst臋powania zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej u os贸b
leczonych takrolimusem i cyklosporyn膮 oraz ocena wp艂ywu r贸偶nych czynnik贸w ryzyka na rozw贸j tych zaburze艅.
Materia艂 i metody: W badaniu wzi臋艂o udzia艂 206 os贸b po przeszczepieniu nerki bez rozpoznanych dotychczas zaburze艅 gospodarki
w臋glowodanowej (wiek 46,4 ± 12,3 lat, czas od przeszczepienia 45,5 ± 33,6 miesi臋cy, BMI 26,3 ± 4,5 kg/m2). U wszystkich badanych wykonano
test doustnego obci膮偶enia glukoz膮. W celu oceny wp艂ywu poszczeg贸lnych czynnik贸w ryzyka (wiek, BMI, obw贸d talii, aktywno艣膰
fizyczna, obecno艣膰 choroby sercowo-naczyniowej, dodatni wywiad rodzinny w kierunku cukrzycy, st臋偶enie cholesterolu i trigliceryd贸w)
na rozw贸j zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej wykorzystano model regresji logistycznej.
Wyniki: U 103 pacjent贸w (50%) zosta艂y rozpoznane zaburzenia gospodarki w臋glowodanowej. U 19% badanych zdiagnozowano PTDM,
u 14% IFG, u 17% IGT. Nie stwierdzono r贸偶nic w cz臋sto艣ci wyst臋powania zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej u leczonych takrolimusem
w por贸wnaniu z leczonymi cyklosporyn膮. W analizie wieloczynnikowej tylko BMI i dodatni wywiad rodzinny w kierunku cukrzycy
okaza艂y si臋 niezale偶nymi czynnikami ryzyka zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej.
Wnioski: W badanej przez nas grupie chorych stwierdzili艣my wysok膮 cz臋sto艣膰 wyst臋powania zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej.
Wskazuje to na potrzeb臋 prowadzenia bada艅 przesiewowych w tym kierunku u os贸b po przeszczepieniu nerki. Osoby z wy偶szym BMI i z rodzinnym obci膮偶eniem cukrzyc膮 maj膮 podwy偶szone ryzyko rozwoju zaburze艅 gospodarki w臋glowodanowej po przeszczepieniu
nerki
Early predictors of adverse left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty
Background: Progressive left ventricular dilatation (PLVD) occurs after myocardial infarction
(MI), and this may take place in the area of primary percutaneous coronary intervention
(PCI). The factors predicting PLVD after primary PCI still need to be clarified. The aim of the
study was to assess the prevalence and to define the baseline clinical and echocardiographic
predictors of PLVD in patients with STEMI treated by primary PCI.
Methods: Of the 90 patients initially selected for the study 88 (29 women and 59 men, mean
age 67.1 ± 5.6 years) with first ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with
primary PCI were examined. Echocardiographic examination was performed in all patients at
discharge (M1) and after 6 months (M2). The following factors influencing PLVD were
evaluated: type of infarct-related artery (IRA), infarct size expressed as wall motion score index
(WMSI) ≥ 1.5, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) ≥ 80 ml/m2, ejection
fraction (EF) ≤ 45%, restrictive pattern of transmitral flow, time to reperfusion, left ventricular
mass index (LVMI) ≥ 125 g/m2 and coronary risk factors.
Results: The overall prevalence of PLVD (according to the criterion of 20% LVEDVI increase
from M1 to M2) was 24%. Univariate regression analysis revealed that the following were the
significant baseline M1 predictors of adverse PLVD: left anterior descending as IRA (relative risk:
rr = 2.3, p < 0.05), WMSI ≥ 1.5 (rr = 4.29, p < 0.005), EF ≤ 45% (rr = 2.89, p < 0.005) and
a restrictive pattern of transmitral flow (rr = 2.4, p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic analysis
showed that the only independent determinant of PLVD was WMSI ≥ 1.5.
Conclusions: Both regional and global left ventricular systolic dysfunction indices as well as
severe left ventricular diastolic abnormalities but not left ventricular dilatation at discharge
are significant predictors of adverse cardiac remodelling after STEMI in patients treated with
primary PCI. However the only independent determinant of PLVD was WMSI ≥ 1.5 expressing
the infarct size. (Cardiol J 2007; 14: 238-245
Difficulties in the diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome in a patient after left adrenalectomy and treated with glucocorticoids
Zesp贸艂 Cushinga (CS, Cushing syndrome) b臋d膮cy wynikiem przewlek艂ego podwy偶szonego st臋偶enia glikokortykosteroid贸w w organizmie
ma najcz臋艣ciej pod艂o偶e jatrogenne. Wi臋kszo艣膰 przypadk贸w zespo艂u Cushinga uwarunkowanego czynnikami endogennymi jest zwi膮zana
z obecno艣ci膮 gruczolaka przysadki produkuj膮cego kortykotropin臋. Problem w rozpoznaniu i leczeniu opisywanej choroby zwi膮zany
jest g艂贸wnie z ustaleniem 藕r贸d艂a nadmiernej sekrecji hormonu adrenokortykotropowego (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone), zw艂aszcza
gdy rezonans magnetyczny nie uwidacznia gruczolaka przysadki.
W pracy opisano przypadek pacjentki z narastaj膮cymi objawami hiperkortyzolemii i trudnym do ustalenia 藕r贸d艂em choroby. Stosowane
okresowo z powodu wsp贸艂istniej膮cych schorze艅 glikokortykosteroidy pog艂臋bia艂y trudno艣ci diagnostyczne i op贸藕ni艂y ostateczne rozpoznanie
i leczenie.Cushing’s syndrome (CS), that is a consequence of chronic excess of corticosteroides, is most frequently of iatrogenic origin. Corticotropin
secreting pituitary adenomas are responsible for most cases of endogenous Cushing’ s syndrome. Difficulties in the diagnosis and treatment
of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome concern with localization of the source of pathological ACTH secretion, particularly when
magnetic resonance imaging is unable to identify the pituitary microadenoma.
In this paper we present the case of a patient with symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome and describe problems with localization of the source
of hypercortisolemia.The diagnostic process was additionally complicated by the treatment with corticosteroids, ocassionally applied due
to concomitant diseases. This delayed the right diagnosis and treatment
Pathogenesis, risk factors and clinical impact of post transplant diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation
Cukrzyca potransplantacyjna stanowi jedno ze znacz膮cych powik艂a艅 po przeszczepieniu nerki. Definiuje
si臋 j膮 jako ka偶d膮 cukrzyc臋, kt贸ra ujawnia si臋 po transplantacji narz膮du, a jej patogeneza jest podobna do cukrzycy typu 2, w kt贸rej stwierdza si臋 insulinooporno艣膰 i zaburzenia wydzielania insuliny. Cukrzyca
potransplantacyjna jest wypadkow膮 dzia艂ania czynnik贸w ryzyka istniej膮cych przed przeszczepieniem, do kt贸rych nale偶膮 mi臋dzy innymi: wiek, przynale偶no艣膰 rasowa, uwarunkowania genetyczne i 艣rodowiskowe,
wsp贸艂istniej膮ce z wcze艣niejszymi: niewydolno艣ci膮 nerek oraz stosowaniem lek贸w immunosupresyjnych
(glikokortykosteroidy, inhibitory kalcyneuryny), czego rezultatem jest dysfunkcja kom贸rek beta i insulinooporno艣膰. Pojawienie si臋 cukrzycy po przeszczepieniu nerki wi膮偶e si臋 ze zwi臋kszon膮 liczb膮 zgon贸w, wi臋kszym nasileniem incydent贸w sercowo-naczyniowych, podwy偶szonym ryzykiem infekcji i posocznic
zako艅czonych zgonem. Ponadto u tych chorych obserwuje si臋 zwi臋kszenie liczby epizod贸w ostrego odrzucania, gorsz膮 czynno艣膰 i kr贸tsz膮 prze偶ywalno艣膰
graftu oraz pogorszenie jako艣ci 偶ycia. Prewencja, wczesne wykrycie i optymalne leczenie tej postaci cukrzycy
ograniczaj膮 zakres powik艂a艅 oraz poprawiaj膮 rokowanie i komfort 偶ycia chorych.Post transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is one of the most significant a complications after renal transplantation. PTDM is diabetes mellitus which develops de novo after renal transplantation. Pathophysiology has important similarities to type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in that there is coexisting insulin resistance and insulin hyposecretion. Thus, pathogenesis appears to be multifactorial due to the combination
of the background of previously existing opposing factors determined by age, ethnicity, genetic and lifestyle compounded by pre existing chronic kidney disease and the use of immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors. PTDM is associated with an increased level of mortality
and cardiac disease, an increased risk of infection with sepsis being a major cause of death. Furthermore,
hyperglycaemia is associated with an increased risk of allograft rejection, and horse graft function.
Survival is associated with a reduced quality of life in transplant recipients. The prevention, possible
early diagnosis and effective treatment of PTDM are necessary in the prevention of chronic complications caused by diabetes and to improve the prognosis
and quality of patient’s life