PERBEDAAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PENYULUHAN MENGENAI IUD PASCAPLASENTA

Background : Post-placental IUD is defined as IUD insertion within 10 minutes after the expulsion of placenta. This method is considered safe and the most potential method to prevent missed opportunity. The use of post-placental IUD currently perceived incompatible with the expectation. One of the factors that cause this thing is the low knowledge level of post-placental IUD in society. Aim : To analyze the difference of knowledge level and attitude towards postplacental IUD on pregnant woman before and after counseling. Methods : This research was conducted using quasi experimental one group pretest-posttest design. Thirty-three samples were taken by consecutive sampling from pregnant woman who lived in the territory of Puskesmas Ngesrep and Puskemas Halmahera, Semarang. Data were analyzed using paired T-Test. Results : The mean value of knowledge level before counseling was 6,09 ± 1,826 whereas after counseling was 8,15 ± 1,661. The mean value of attitude before counseling was 35,79 ± 4,709 with 26 respondents had positive attitude and 7 respondents had negative attitude whereas after counseling the mean value was 39,97 ± 4,261 with all respondents had positive attitude. There was significant difference (p<0,05) on knowledge level (p=0,000) and attitude (p=0,000) before and after counseling. Conclusion : There was significant difference on knowledge level and attitude towards post-placental IUD on pregnant woman before and after counseling. Key words: Post-placental IUD, counseling, knowledge level, attitud

La phytogéographie des forêts denses de Guinée Equatoriale, avec une attention particulière aux forêts de Nsork

Three samples of Equato-Guinean rain forest have recently been studied under the project of CUREF (Conservación y Utilización Racional de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Guinea Ecuatorial). The rain forest of the Altos de Nsork region, in the eastern part of Equatorial Guinea, has been studied by the present author by 1 km long transects. The two other studies have been carried out by others at the rio Muni's estuary (southwestern part of the country) and in the Ndote reserve (central-western part). A total of 9970 trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm, belonging to 341 species determined at least to genus, were found on 93.5 ha. To take the vegetation variability of each site into account, a phytosociological table was established using TWINSPAN with twenty surveys of 160 × 10 m for DBH ≥ 10 cm trees, chosen in homogeneous parts of transect. The following species were found to be prominent in the zone near the coast: Desbordesia glaucescens, Calpocalyx heitzii, Alstonia congensis, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Anthostema aubryanum, Erythrophleum ivorense, Caloncoba glauca, Lophira alata, Croton oligandrus, etc. The species found to have a continental distribution included: Millettia laurentii, Sindoropsis letestui, Entandrophragma congoense, Celtis tessmannii, Dialium pachyphyllum, Dialium spp. Allanblackia floribunda, etc. Because of the abundance of these species, Nsork represents the most continental part of the lowerguinean atlantic region. The forests of the rio Muni' s estuary show a huge biodiversity because of their intermediate position and their rich habitat diversity.SCOPUS: cp.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale

I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata.II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologiqueinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Checklist of the Ebenaceae of Equatorial Guinea

A list of the Ebenaceae collected by the author (158 specimens) or reported from Equatorial Guinea is presented. There are 25 identified species, including 12 new records for the country. After considering their distribution area and habitat, two species previously reported from Equatorial Guinea are excluded, and the presence of seven further taxa is considered highly probable. Diospyros cinnabarina and D. simulans are considered independent species. Formal description of two new taxa is delayed until better material can be collected.<br><br>Se presenta una lista de las Ebenaceae recolectadas por el autor (158 pliegos) o citadas previamente de Guinea Ecuatorial. El número de especies reconocidas es de 25, de las que 12 son nuevos registros para la flora del país. Tras considerar su hábitat y área de distribución, se excluyen dos especies citadas anteriormente de Guinea, y se considera altamente probable la presencia de otras siete. Diospyros cinnabarina y D. simulans se consideran dos especies independientes. Dos nuevos táxones no pueden adscribirse a ninguna especie conocida, pero su descripción formal se retrasa hasta obtener material en mejor estado

Trees diversity in the Nsork rain forest (Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea)

The Nsork rain forest is located at 150 km east of Bata (1° 14' N, 11° 01' E), in the continental region of Equatorial Guinea. Within the 6.7 km of transects, trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm were inventoried on 50 m wide (33.5 ha) and those with DBH ≥ 10 cm on 8 sections of 160 × 10 m (1.28 ha). The main emergents (366 individuals with DBH ≥ 70 cm) are: Aucoumea klaineana (3.1 stems/ha), Scyphocephalium mannii (1), Engomegoma gordonii (0.6), Coula edulis (0.5). Among the DBH ≥ 30 cm (3886 individuals), the more abundant species are three Burseraceae: Santiria trimera (14 stems/ha), Aucoumea klaineana (9) and Dacryodes macrophylla (9). The biodiversity assessment showed that this forest is very important for the conservation, moreover it is characterised by two species identified for the first time in Equatorial Guinea: Engomegoma gordonii (Olacaceae) and Stachyothyrsus staudtii (Caesalpiniaceae).SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

New taxa in Crossandrella, Dischistocalyx and Ascotheca (Acanthaceae) from Equatorial Guinea

Background and aims - Recent collecting in Equatorial Guinea, a country with incompletely documented biodiversity, resulted in an ample collection of the plant family Acanthaceae. Identifications resulted in the discovery of novelties, presented here. Methods - Specimens from BRLU, BR, BM, P and K were investigated. Critical point-dried pollen was observed in the SEM. Results - Three new taxa are described from Equatorial Guinea, two new species in the genera Crossandrella and Dischistocalyx and one new variety in Ascotheca. Distribution maps and illustrations for the two new species are provided. Pollen morphology adds evidence to distinguish between the three species of Crossandrella. © 2010 National Botanic Garden of Belgium and Royal Botanical Society of Belgium.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

La diversité des ligneux dans la forêt de Nsork (Guinée Equatoriale)

Forest inventories have been made in the Altos de Nsork region, Equatorial Guinea. Within seven transects covering 33.5 ha, we have inventoried 3886 trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm (Diameter at Breast Height, measured at 1.3 m from the ground level), belonging to 226 species, and those with DBH ≥ 10 cm (689 trees belonging to 149 species) in eight sections of 160 × 10 m (1.28 ha). The comparison with other similar inventories made in central Africa showed a quite high biodiversity for the Nsork rain forests. This comparison also allowed us to indicate the characteristic species Engomegoma gordonii (3.2 stems/ha for the trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm; Olacaceae) and Stachyothyrsus staudtii (1.8; Caesalpiniaceae), and also the preferential species of the Nsork region as Coula edulis (4.4), Sindoropsis letestui (1.1), Dialium pachyphyllum (1.4), Allanblackia floribunda (3.9), Dacryodes buettneri (1.9), The Nsork rain forest is marked by the abundance of the Burseraceae and the Olacaceae. Among the 74 emergent species (DBH ≥ 70 cm), the most abundant are: Aucoumea klaineana (3.1 stems/ha), Scyphocephalium mannii (1), Engomegoma gordonii (0.6), Coula edulis (0.5), Pterocarpus soyauxii (0.3), Sindoropsis letestui (0.2), Pentaclethra macrophylla (0.2) and Monopetalanthus letestui (0.2). In the lower trees stratum (DBH ≥ 10 cm) we find mainly Santiria trimera (61 stems/ha), Microdesmis puberula (45), Heisteria parvifolia (37), Dichostemma glaucescens (20) and Centroplacus glaucinus (9). The biodiversity seems to be highest in the lower trees stratum.SCOPUS: cp.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

The phylogenetic structure of tropical forest tree communities

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe