Ensino e aprendizagem - como ensinar língua inglesa para crianças não alfabetizadas

RESUMO: Este estudo tem por finalidade pesquisar a importância do ensino-aprendizagem da língua estrangeira voltado para crianças, não apenas como instrumento de inserção e ascensão social, mas também como canal de acesso a diferentes culturas. Por essas razões, esse trabalho vem abordar questões da aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira, sendo essa a Língua Inglesa (LI). Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar a importância da inserção da Língua Inglesa para crianças de três a seis anos, assim como o desenvolvimento ocasionado pela aprendizagem da língua estrangeira e seus benefícios. Justificamos sua realização por considerarmos que pretende contribuir com os estudos sobre a importância da aprendizagem da língua inglesa voltada para crianças, a fim de investigar o desenvolvimento cognitivo, formação docente, afetividade e abordagens do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Os principais teóricos que norteiam esta pesquisa são Celani (1996), Chaguri (2004), Dib (2004), Leffa (2001), Oliveira (2000), Rocha (2008), Schütz (2008) e Vieira (2007). O trabalho proposto toma por base a pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e propõe contribuir para o desenvolvimento da formação do professor através da prática reflexiva e atua com o arcabouço teórico dos estudos voltados para a importância do estudo língua estrangeira para crianças.                                               Palavras-chave: Abordagens do Ensino Infantil; Formação Docente; Língua Inglesa; Processo de Ensino-Aprendizagem

Relativismo nos limites do Realismo: reflexões em torno do pragmatismo de Joseph Margolis e sua repercussão no panorama da fi losofi a contemporânea [Relativism within the limits of realism: reflections concerning Joseph Margolis´s pragmatism and its ...]

O presente artigo pretende apresentar algumas ideias introduzidas pelo filósofo contemporâneo Joseph Margolis acerca da atual posição do pragmatismo no panorama da filosofia contemporânea. O foco recai na reconciliação que o autor propõe entre realismo e relativismo a partir de uma leitura dos autores clássicos do pragmatismo, em especial Peirce e Dewey. Essa reconciliação, por sua vez, serve para questionar o dualismo natureza e cultura, mostrando como os domínios se situam em uma relação de interdependência, como também um não pode ser reduzido ao outro. Um ponto de destaque na posição de Margolis consiste em situar o pragmatismo como uma terceira alternativa, diferindo tanto da filosofia analítica quanto europeia

IntroVerse: a comprehensive database of introns across human tissues

Dysregulation of RNA splicing contributes to both rare and complex diseases. RNA-sequencing data from human tissues has shown that this process can be inaccurate, resulting in the presence of novel introns detected at low frequency across samples and within an individual. To enable the full spectrum of intron use to be explored, we have developed IntroVerse, which offers an extensive catalogue on the splicing of 332,571 annotated introns and a linked set of 4,679,474 novel junctions covering 32,669 different genes. This dataset has been generated through the analysis of 17,510 human control RNA samples from 54 tissues provided by the Genotype-Tissue Expression Consortium. IntroVerse has two unique features: (i) it provides a complete catalogue of novel junctions and (ii) each novel junction has been assigned to a specific annotated intron. This unique, hierarchical structure offers multiple uses, including the identification of novel transcripts from known genes and their tissue-specific usage, and the assessment of background splicing noise for introns thought to be mis-spliced in disease states. IntroVerse provides a user-friendly web interface and is freely available at https://rytenlab.com/browser/app/introverse

Diversity of inhibitory and excitatory parvalbumin interneuron circuits in the dorsal horn

Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVINs) in the spinal dorsal horn are found primarily in laminae II inner and III. Inhibitory PVINs (iPVINs) play an important role in segregating innocuous tactile input from pain-processing circuits through presynaptic inhibition of myelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptors and postsynaptic inhibition of distinct spinal circuits. By comparison, relatively little is known of the role of excitatory PVINs (ePVINs) in sensory processing. Here we use neuroanatomical and optogenetic approaches to show that ePVINs comprise a larger proportion of the PVIN population than previously reported, and that both ePVIN and iPVIN populations form synaptic connections amongst (and between) themselves. We find that these cells contribute to neuronal networks that influence activity within several functionally distinct circuits, and that aberrant activity of ePVINs under pathological conditions is well placed to contribute to the development of mechanical hypersensitivity

Spatial Analysis of Land Cover Determinants of Malaria Incidence in the Ashanti Region, Ghana

Malaria belongs to the infectious diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a vector-borne disease malaria distribution is strongly influenced by environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between malaria risk and different land cover classes by using high-resolution multispectral Ikonos images and Poisson regression analyses. The association of malaria incidence with land cover around 12 villages in the Ashanti Region, Ghana, was assessed in 1,988 children <15 years of age. The median malaria incidence was 85.7 per 1,000 inhabitants and year (range 28.4–272.7). Swampy areas and banana/plantain production in the proximity of villages were strong predictors of a high malaria incidence. An increase of 10% of swampy area coverage in the 2 km radius around a village led to a 43% higher incidence (relative risk [RR] = 1.43, p<0.001). Each 10% increase of area with banana/plantain production around a village tripled the risk for malaria (RR = 3.25, p<0.001). An increase in forested area of 10% was associated with a 47% decrease of malaria incidence (RR = 0.53, p = 0.029)

Standardization of the NEO-PI-3 in the Greek general population

BACKGROUND: The revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) includes 240 items corresponding to the Big Five personality traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience) and subordinate dimensions (facets). It is suitable for use with adolescents and adults (12 years or older). The aim of the current study was to validate the Greek translation of the NEO-PI-3 in the general Greek population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study sample included 734 subjects from the general Greek population of whom 59.4% were females and 40.6% males aged 40.80 +/- 11.48. The NEO-PI-3 was translated into Greek and back-translated into English, and the accuracy of the translation was confirmed and established. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), the calculation of Cronbach's alpha, and the calculation of Pearson product-moment correlations. Sociodemographics groups were compared by ANOVA. RESULTS: Most facets had Cronbach's alpha above 0.60. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable loading of the facets on their own hypothesized factors and very good estimations of Cronbach's alphas for the hypothesized factors, so it was partially supportive of the five-factor structure of the NEO-PI-3.The factors extracted with Procrustes rotation analysis can be considered reasonably homologous to the factors of the American normative sample. Correlations between dimensions were as expected and similar to those reported in the literature. DISCUSSION: The literature suggests that overall, the psychometric properties of NEO-PI-3 scales have been found to generalize across ages, cultures, and methods of measurement. In accord with this, the results of the current study confirm the reliability of the Greek translation and adaptation of the NEO-PI-3. The inventory has comparable psychometric properties in its Greek version in comparison to the original and other national translations, and it is suitable for clinical as well as research use

Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations