Surface Effects of Ground Water Flow Patterns - Bottineau and Mountrail Counties, North Dakota

In the resolution of patterns of groundwater flow, certain surface expression is noted as being helpful. Vegetation has been used in other areas as an indicator of the chemistry of groundwater, but this type of exploration may be expanded to include physiography as well as vegetation. The presence of groundwater seepage slopes affords another means by which flow patterns may be classified. Surface effects of groundwater chemistry differ strikingly between an area of local flow and an area of regional flow. The use of surface characteristics as criteria by which groundwater flow systems may be resolved is useful with the aid of aerial photographs. This method gives positions of outcropping groundwater as well as hints to what type of water may be expected. The Stanley, North Dakota, Area is characterized by regional groundwater discharge in low areas which lie in a disconnected string. The most saline of these lakes lie also in accordance with a preglacial topographic low. The relationship between the two are discussed. The Turtle Mountains area is characterized by infinitely many small local type flow systems which have waters much lower in total ion accumulation. This is manifested in abundant and varied vegetation which contrasts sharply with surrounding prairie

Analysis of Algorithms for Velocity Estimation from Discrete Position Versus Time Data

Algorithms for constructing velocity approximations from discrete position versus time data are investigated. The study is limited to algorithms suitable to provide velocity information in discrete-time feedback control systems such as microprocessor-based systems with a discrete position encoder. Velocity estimators based on lines per period, reciprocal-time, Taylor series expansion, backward difference expansions, and least-square curve fits are presented. Based on computer simulations, comparisons of relative accuracies of the different algorithms are made. The least-squares velocity estimators filtered the effect of imperfect measurements best, whereas the Taylor series expansions and backward difference equation estimators respond better to velocity transients

Multiscalar amplitudes to all orders in perturbation theory

A method for calculating loop amplitudes at the multiboson threshold is presented, based on Feynman-diagram techniques. We explicitly calculate the one-loop amplitudes in both $\phi^4$-symmetric and broken symmetry cases, using dimensional regularization. We argue that, to all orders in the perturbation expansion, the unitarity-violating behaviour of the tree-order amplitudes persists.Comment: 7 pages, Latex, CERN-TH.6852/9

So you want to farm : what does it take? What can you make?

"Farming means different things to different people. To some, it is a business in which farm managers employ their talents in producing food and fiber, thereby earning a return for their labor and equity. To others, it is a way of life - a good place to raise a family and escape some of the frustrations of urban living. If a farm does not have to support a family, it can be a good investment and greatly add to the family's living and enjoyment."--First page.Ronald L. Plain and Thomas G. Brown (Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture)Revised 12/86/6

Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere

We report high precision spectrophotometric observations of four planetary transits of HD 209458, in the region of the sodium resonance doublet at 589.3 nm. We find that the photometric dimming during transit in a bandpass centered on the sodium feature is deeper by (2.32 +/- 0.57) x 10^{-4} relative to simultaneous observations of the transit in adjacent bands. We interpret this additional dimming as absorption from sodium in the planetary atmosphere, as recently predicted from several theoretical modeling efforts. Our model for a cloudless planetary atmosphere with a solar abundance of sodium in atomic form predicts more sodium absorption than we observe. There are several possibilities that may account for this reduced amplitude, including reaction of atomic sodium into molecular gases and/or condensates, photoionization of sodium by the stellar flux, a low primordial abundance of sodium, or the presence of clouds high in the atmosphere.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, accepted by ApJ 2001 November 1

Demand for Florida fresh specialty citrus

Citrus, demand, Agribusiness, Demand and Price Analysis, International Relations/Trade,

Deriving a Provisional Tolerable Intake for Intravenous Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles Released from Medical Devices

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are incorporated into medical devices for their anti-microbial characteristics. The potential exposure and toxicity of AgNPs is unknown due to varying physicochemical particle properties and lack of toxicological data. The aim of this safety assessment is to derive a provisional tolerable intake (pTI) value for AgNPs released from blood-contacting medical devices. A literature review of in vivo studies investigating critical health effects induced from intravenous (i. v.) exposure to AgNPs was evaluated by the Annapolis Accords principles and Toxicological Data Reliability Assessment Tool (ToxRTool). The point of departure (POD) was based on an i. v. 28-day repeated AgNP (20 nm) dose toxicity study reporting an increase in relative spleen weight in rats with a 5% lower confidence bound of the benchmark dose (BMDL05) of 0.14 mg/kg bw/day. The POD was extrapolated to humans by a modifying factor of 1,000 to account for intraspecies variability, interspecies differences and lack of long-term toxicity data. The pTI for long-term i. v. exposure to 20 nm AgNPs released from blood-contacting medical devices was 0.14 μg/kg bw/day. This pTI may not be appropriate for nanoparticles of other physicochemical properties or routes of administration. The methodology is appropriate for deriving pTIs for nanoparticles in general

Current Studies in Japanese Law

Over the past fifteen years there has been a remarkable growth in the study of Japanese law in the United States. The foundation was laid during the late 1950\u27s when the Harvard-Michigan-Stanford program brought together Japanese legal specialists and their American counterparts for study and research. At the end of this program a major conference was held, and the resulting publication, Law in Japan, continues to serve as a point of departure in descriptive studies of Japanese law. During the 1960\u27s interest in Japan continued to develop among law faculty members, but an even more important development was the increase in the number of students coming to the law school who already had some Japanese language and area training. With these students as a nucleus, a few law schools have begun to offer work in Japanese law. Some of these courses have been taught by visiting Japanese professors, and a few are taught regularly by Americans trained in Japanese law. At the same time, the Japanese legal system has been studied by many non-lawyers, such as political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists. Constitutional law, family law, and criminal law have been analyzed as political and social phenomena in studies which have gone beyond legal rules to origins and practices. The four papers in this volume represent these various developments. One is by a visiting scholar, two were written by students in a course dealing with Japanese law, and one is part of a doctoral thesis in anthropology.https://repository.law.umich.edu/books/1108/thumbnail.jp

X-ray Velocimetry of Solar Wind Ion Impact on Comets

Laboratory measurements of the interaction of low-energy, bare, and hydrogen-like ions with neutral gases are presented. The measurements demonstrate that charge-exchange-induced cometary K-shell X-ray spectra represent rich spectral diagnostics for determining the speed of the solar wind and the collision dynamics within the coma. We show that the K-shell spectrum observed from low-energy ion-neutral collisions (≤ 50 km s-1) has a distinct high-energy component that is suppressed in high-energy collisions (≥800 km s-1). As a result, the hardness ratio of the K-shell spectrum increases by as much as a factor of 4 as the ions decelerate in the coma. The change in spectral shape can be observed even with low-resolution energy dispersive solid-state detectors, opening the possibility of spatial imaging of the solar wind heavy-ion velocity profile in the coma. Our results clearly show that energy-dependent data are needed to fully describe charge-exchange-induced X-ray production in the heliosphere