Structural insights into the HNF4 biology

Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 (HNF4) is a transcription factor (TF) belonging to the nuclear receptor (NR) family that is expressed in liver, kidney, intestine and pancreas. It is a master regulator of liver-specific gene expression, in particular those genes involved in lipid transport and glucose metabolism and is crucial for the cellular differentiation during development. Dysregulation of HNF4 is linked to human diseases, such as type I diabetes (MODY1) and hemophilia. Here, we review the structures of the isolated HNF4 DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand binding domain (LBD) and that of the multidomain receptor and compare them with the structures of other NRs. We will further discuss the biology of the HNF4α receptors from a structural perspective, in particular the effect of pathological mutations and of functionally critical post-translational modifications on the structure-function of the receptor

A structural signature motif enlightens the origin and diversification of nuclear receptors

Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate gene regulatory networks from embryonic development to adult physiology and thus represent major targets for clinical interventions in many diseases. Most nuclear receptors function either as homodimers or as heterodimers. The dimerization is crucial for gene regulation by nuclear receptors, by extending the repertoire of binding sites in the promoters or the enhancers of target genes via combinatorial interactions. Here, we focused our attention on an unusual structural variation of the alpha-helix, called pi-turn that is present in helix H7 of the ligand-binding domain of RXR and HNF4. By tracing back the complex evolutionary history of the pi-turn, we demonstrate that it was present ancestrally and then independently lost in several nuclear receptor lineages. Importantly, the evolutionary history of the pi-turn motif is parallel to the evolutionary diversification of the nuclear receptor dimerization ability from ancestral homodimers to derived heterodimers. We then carried out structural and biophysical analyses, in particular through point mutation studies of key RXR signature residues and showed that this motif plays a critical role in the network of interactions stabilizing homodimers. We further showed that the pi-turn was instrumental in allowing a flexible heterodimeric interface of RXR in order to accommodate multiple interfaces with numerous partners and critical for the emergence of high affinity receptors. Altogether, our work allows to identify a functional role for the pi-turn in oligomerization of nuclear receptors and reveals how this motif is linked to the emergence of a critical biological function. We conclude that the pi-turn can be viewed as a structural exaptation that has contributed to enlarging the functional repertoire of nuclear receptors

Origin and evolution of nuclear receptors and structural study of the first steroid, ERR

Les récepteurs nucléaires (RNs) sont des facteurs de transcriptions se liant à des séquences spécifiques d'ADN et activant la transcription de gènes en réponse à la fixation de ligands spécifiques. Parmi tous les RNs impliquées dans l'étiologie des cancers, les récepteurs liés aux œstrogènes ERR jouent un rôle important dans les cancers du sein, de l'ovaire, du colon, de l’endomètre et la prostate. Ce RN est dit orphelin car il ne possède pas de ligand naturel connu à ce jour. Par une approche de biologie structurale intégrative combinant cryo-microscopie électronique, bioinformatique et évolution, mon travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur l'étude structurale de ERR et sur l'origine et l'évolution des RNs. Dans ce contexte, 3 outils informatiques ont été développés. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'une part la révision des connaissances fondamentales sur l'origine des récepteurs nucléaires et leur évolution. D'autre part, l'étude structurale de ERR a permis d'acquérir de nouvelles données sur la topologie des récepteurs nucléaires stéroidiens fixés sur un élément de réponse ERRE/ERE ainsi que sur le mécanisme allostérique de la liaison du coactivateur PGC-1α sur le dimère de ERR. La résolution du complexe à l'échelle atomique par cryo-microscopie électronique permettra d'ouvrir la voie vers la conception de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques.Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors which bind to specific DNA sequences and activate gene transcription in response to the binding of specific ligands. Among all of the RNs involved in the etiology of cancers, ERR estrogen receptors play an important role in breast, ovarian, colon, endometrial and prostate cancers. This NR is said to be orphan because it does not have a natural ligand known to date. Using an integrative structural biology approach combining cryo-electron microscopy, bioinformatics and evolution, my PhD work focused on the structural study of ERR and the origin and evolution of RNs. In this context, three informatic tools have been developed. The results obtained allowed, on the one hand, the revision of fundamental knowledge on the origin of nuclear receptors and their evolution. On the other hand, structural study of ERR allow us to acquire new data on topology of steroid nuclear receptors fixed on an element of ERRE / ERE response as well as on the allosteric mechanism of the binding of the coactivator PGC-1α on the dimer of ERR. The resolution of the complex at the atomic scale by cryo-electron microscopy will open the way towards the design of new therapeutic molecules

Origine et évolution des récepteurs nucléaires et étude structurale du premier stéroïdien, ERR

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors which bind to specific DNA sequences and activate gene transcription in response to the binding of specific ligands. Among all of the RNs involved in the etiology of cancers, ERR estrogen receptors play an important role in breast, ovarian, colon, endometrial and prostate cancers. This NR is said to be orphan because it does not have a natural ligand known to date. Using an integrative structural biology approach combining cryo-electron microscopy, bioinformatics and evolution, my PhD work focused on the structural study of ERR and the origin and evolution of RNs. In this context, three informatic tools have been developed. The results obtained allowed, on the one hand, the revision of fundamental knowledge on the origin of nuclear receptors and their evolution. On the other hand, structural study of ERR allow us to acquire new data on topology of steroid nuclear receptors fixed on an element of ERRE / ERE response as well as on the allosteric mechanism of the binding of the coactivator PGC-1α on the dimer of ERR. The resolution of the complex at the atomic scale by cryo-electron microscopy will open the way towards the design of new therapeutic molecules.Les récepteurs nucléaires (RNs) sont des facteurs de transcriptions se liant à des séquences spécifiques d'ADN et activant la transcription de gènes en réponse à la fixation de ligands spécifiques. Parmi tous les RNs impliquées dans l'étiologie des cancers, les récepteurs liés aux œstrogènes ERR jouent un rôle important dans les cancers du sein, de l'ovaire, du colon, de l’endomètre et la prostate. Ce RN est dit orphelin car il ne possède pas de ligand naturel connu à ce jour. Par une approche de biologie structurale intégrative combinant cryo-microscopie électronique, bioinformatique et évolution, mon travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur l'étude structurale de ERR et sur l'origine et l'évolution des RNs. Dans ce contexte, 3 outils informatiques ont été développés. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'une part la révision des connaissances fondamentales sur l'origine des récepteurs nucléaires et leur évolution. D'autre part, l'étude structurale de ERR a permis d'acquérir de nouvelles données sur la topologie des récepteurs nucléaires stéroidiens fixés sur un élément de réponse ERRE/ERE ainsi que sur le mécanisme allostérique de la liaison du coactivateur PGC-1α sur le dimère de ERR. La résolution du complexe à l'échelle atomique par cryo-microscopie électronique permettra d'ouvrir la voie vers la conception de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques

Origin and evolution of nuclear receptors and structural study of the first steroid, ERR

Les récepteurs nucléaires (RNs) sont des facteurs de transcriptions se liant à des séquences spécifiques d'ADN et activant la transcription de gènes en réponse à la fixation de ligands spécifiques. Parmi tous les RNs impliquées dans l'étiologie des cancers, les récepteurs liés aux œstrogènes ERR jouent un rôle important dans les cancers du sein, de l'ovaire, du colon, de l’endomètre et la prostate. Ce RN est dit orphelin car il ne possède pas de ligand naturel connu à ce jour. Par une approche de biologie structurale intégrative combinant cryo-microscopie électronique, bioinformatique et évolution, mon travail de thèse s'est focalisé sur l'étude structurale de ERR et sur l'origine et l'évolution des RNs. Dans ce contexte, 3 outils informatiques ont été développés. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d'une part la révision des connaissances fondamentales sur l'origine des récepteurs nucléaires et leur évolution. D'autre part, l'étude structurale de ERR a permis d'acquérir de nouvelles données sur la topologie des récepteurs nucléaires stéroidiens fixés sur un élément de réponse ERRE/ERE ainsi que sur le mécanisme allostérique de la liaison du coactivateur PGC-1α sur le dimère de ERR. La résolution du complexe à l'échelle atomique par cryo-microscopie électronique permettra d'ouvrir la voie vers la conception de nouvelles molécules thérapeutiques.Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors which bind to specific DNA sequences and activate gene transcription in response to the binding of specific ligands. Among all of the RNs involved in the etiology of cancers, ERR estrogen receptors play an important role in breast, ovarian, colon, endometrial and prostate cancers. This NR is said to be orphan because it does not have a natural ligand known to date. Using an integrative structural biology approach combining cryo-electron microscopy, bioinformatics and evolution, my PhD work focused on the structural study of ERR and the origin and evolution of RNs. In this context, three informatic tools have been developed. The results obtained allowed, on the one hand, the revision of fundamental knowledge on the origin of nuclear receptors and their evolution. On the other hand, structural study of ERR allow us to acquire new data on topology of steroid nuclear receptors fixed on an element of ERRE / ERE response as well as on the allosteric mechanism of the binding of the coactivator PGC-1α on the dimer of ERR. The resolution of the complex at the atomic scale by cryo-electron microscopy will open the way towards the design of new therapeutic molecules

Nucleosome dyad determines the H1 C-terminus collapse on distinct DNA arms

© 2023 Elsevier LtdNucleosomes are symmetric structures. However, binding of linker histones generates an inherently asymmetric H1-nucleosome complex, and whether this asymmetry is transmitted to the overall nucleosome structure, and therefore also to chromatin, is unclear. Efforts to investigate potential asymmetry due to H1s have been hampered by the DNA sequence, which naturally differs in each gyre. To overcome this issue, we designed and analyzed by cryo-EM a nucleosome reconstituted with a palindromic (601L) 197-bp DNA. As in the non-palindromic 601 sequence, H1 restricts linker DNA flexibility but reveals partial asymmetrical unwrapping. However, in contrast to the non-palindromic nucleosome, in the palindromic nucleosome H1 CTD collapses to the proximal linker. Molecular dynamics simulations show that this could be dictated by a slightly tilted orientation of the globular domain (GD) of H1, which could be linked to the DNA sequence of the nucleosome dyad

A novel nuclear receptor subfamily enlightens the origin of heterodimerization

International audienceBackground: Nuclear receptors are transcription factors of central importance in human biology and associated diseases. Much of the knowledge related to their major functions, such as ligand and DNA binding or dimerization, derives from functional studies undertaken in classical model animals. It has become evident, however, that a deeper understanding of these molecular functions requires uncovering how these characteristics originated and diversified during evolution, by looking at more species. In particular, the comprehension of how dimerization evolved from ancestral homodimers to a more sophisticated state of heterodimers has been missing, due to a too narrow phylogenetic sampling. Here, we experimentally and phylogenetically define the evolutionary trajectory of nuclear receptor dimerization by analyzing a novel NR7 subgroup, present in various metazoan groups, including cnidarians, annelids, mollusks, sea urchins, and amphioxus, but lost in vertebrates, arthropods, and nematodes.Results: We focused on NR7 of the cephalochordate amphioxus B. lanceolatum. We present a complementary set of functional, structural, and evolutionary analyses that establish that NR7 lies at a pivotal point in the evolutionary trajectory from homodimerizing to heterodimerizing nuclear receptors. The crystal structure of the NR7 ligand-binding domain suggests that the isolated domain is not capable of dimerizing with the ubiquitous dimerization partner RXR. In contrast, the full-length NR7 dimerizes with RXR in a DNA-dependent manner and acts as a constitutively active receptor. The phylogenetic and sequence analyses position NR7 at a pivotal point, just between the basal class I nuclear receptors that form monomers or homodimers on DNA and the derived class II nuclear receptors that exhibit the classical DNA-independent RXR heterodimers.Conclusions: Our data suggest that NR7 represents the "missing link" in the transition between class I and class II nuclear receptors and that the DNA independency of heterodimer formation is a feature that was acquired during evolution. Our studies define a novel paradigm of nuclear receptor dimerization that evolved from DNA-dependent to DNA-independent requirements. This new concept emphasizes the importance of DNA in the dimerization of nuclear receptors, such as the glucocorticoid receptor and other members of this pharmacologically important oxosteroid receptor subfamily. Our studies further underline the importance of studying emerging model organisms for supporting cutting-edge research