254 research outputs found
Anticipated regret and health behavior: A meta-analysis.
Risk beliefs are central to most theories of health behavior, yet many unanswered questions remain about an increasingly studied risk construct, anticipated regret. We sought to better understand anticipated regretâs role in motivating health behaviors
Concomitant Adolescent Vaccination in the U.S., 2007â2012
Concomitant (same-day) delivery of two or more vaccines to adolescents is effective, safe, and efficient. Increasing concomitant vaccination could improve coverage for recommended adolescent vaccines, but little is known about who receives vaccines concomitantly
A model of the influence of false-positive mammography screening results on subsequent screening
Decades of empirical research have demonstrated psychological and behavioural consequences of false-positive medical tests. To organise this literature and offer novel predictions, we propose a model of how false-positive mammography results affect return for subsequent mammography screening. We propose that false-positive mammography results alter how women think about themselves (e.g., increasing their perceived likelihood of getting breast cancer) and the screening test (e.g., believing mammography test results are less accurate). We further hypothesise that thoughts elicited by the false-positive experience will, in turn, affect future use of screening mammography. In addition, we discuss methodological considerations for statistical analyses of these mediational pathways and propose two classes of potential moderators. While our model focuses on mammography screening, it may be applicable to psychological and behavioural responses to other screening tests. The model is especially timely as false-positive medical test results are increasingly common, due to efforts to increase uptake of cancer screening, new technologies that improve existing testsâ ability to detect disease at the cost of increased false alarms, and growing numbers of new medical tests
Adolescentsâ and adultsâ perceptions of ânaturalâ, âorganicâ and âadditive-freeâ cigarettes, and the required disclaimers
We sought to investigate adolescentsâ and adultsâ perceptions of an American Spirit advertisement with ânatural,â âorganic,â and âadditive-freeâ descriptors and related disclaimers
Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review
We sought to systematically review the literature on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, also called electronic cigarettes) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs
Social Interactions as a Source of Information about E-Cigarettes: A Study of U.S. Adult Smokers
The novelty of e-cigarettes and ambiguity about their effects may foster informal sharing of information, such as through social interactions. We aimed to describe smokersâ social interactions about e-cigarettes and their recommendations that others use e-cigarettes. Data were collected from 2149 adult smokers in North Carolina and California who participated in a study of the impact of pictorial cigarette pack warnings. In the previous month, almost half of participants (45%) reported talking to at least one person about e-cigarettes and nearly a third of participants (27%) recommended e-cigarettes to someone else. Smokers recommended e-cigarettes to cut back on smoking (57%), to quit smoking (48%), for health reasons (36%), and for fun (27%). In adjusted analyses, more frequent e-cigarette use, positive views about typical e-cigarette users, and attempting to quit smoking in the past month were associated with recommending e-cigarettes for health reasons (all p < 0.05). Social interactions appear to be a popular method of information-sharing about e-cigarettes among smokers. Health communication campaigns may help to fill in the gaps of smokersâ understanding of e-cigarettes and their long-term effects
Parents who refuse or delay HPV vaccine: Differences in vaccination behavior, beliefs, and clinical communication preferences
Background: We sought to estimate the national prevalence of HPV vaccine refusal and delay in a nationally-representative sample of parents of adolescents. We also compared parents who refused versus delayed HPV vaccine in terms of their vaccination beliefs and clinical communication preferences. Methods: In 2014 to 2015, we conducted an online survey of 1,484 US parents who reported on an 11- to 17-year-old child in their household. We used weighted multinomial logistic regression to assess correlates of HPV vaccine refusal and delay. Results: Overall, 28% of parents reported that they had ever ârefused or decided not to getâ HPV vaccine for their child, and an additional 8% of parents reported that they had âdelayed or put off gettingâ HPV vaccine. Compared to no refusal/delay, refusal was associated with lower confidence in adolescent vaccination (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48â0.91), lower perceived HPV vaccine effectiveness (RRR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.50â0.91), and higher perceived harms (RRR = 3.49, 95% CI, 2.65â4.60). In contrast, delay was associated with needing more information (RRR = 1.76, 95% CI, 1.08â2.85). Most parents rated physicians and information sheets as helpful for making decisions about HPV vaccination, although parents who reported refusal endorsed these resources less often. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that HPV vaccine refusal is common among parents of adolescents and may have increased relative to previous estimates. Because the vaccination beliefs and communication preferences of parents who refuse appear to differ from those who delay, targeted communication strategies may be needed to effectively address HPV vaccine hesitancy
Understanding how breast cancer patients use risk information from genomic tests
We sought to examine how patientsâ treatment decisions incorporate potentially conflicting information from standard clinical indicators (e.g., tumor size) and genomic tests for breast cancer recurrence risk
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